Hyainailouros

Hyainailouros ("hyena-cat") is an extinct polyphyletic genus of hyainailourid hyaenodont mammal of the polyphyletic tribe Hyainailourini within paraphyletic subfamily Hyainailourinae, that lived during the early to middle Miocene, of which there were at least three species spread across Europe, Africa, and Asia.[6][7]

Hyainailouros
Temporal range: Early to Middle Miocene
lower jaw of Hyainailouros sulzeri
Restoration of H. sulzeri (far left), Cynelos eurydon, Afrosmilus africanus and H. napakensis (far right)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: †Hyaenodonta
Superfamily: †Hyainailouroidea
Family: †Hyainailouridae
Subfamily: †Hyainailourinae
Tribe: †Hyainailourini
Genus: †Hyainailouros
Biedermann, 1863
Type species
†Hyainailouros sulzeri
Biedermann, 1863
Species
  • †H. bugtiensis (Pilgrim, 1912)[1]
  • †H. napakensis (Ginsburg, 1980)[2]
  • †H. sulzeri (Biedermann, 1863)[3]
Synonyms
synonyms of genus:
  • Hainailouros (Lavrov, 1999)[4]
  • Hyaenaelurus (Stehlin, 1907)
  • Hyaenailurus (Rütimeyer, 1867)
synonyms of species:
  • H. napakensis:
    • Hyainailouros nyanzae (Ginsburg, 1980)
    • Pterodon nyanzae (Savage, 1965)[5]
  • H. sulzeri:
    • Hyainailouros maximus (Meyer, 1837)
    • Hyaenailurus sulzeri (Biedermann, 1863)

Closely related to other large African hyaenodonts such as Simbakubwa and Megistotherium, Hyainailouros walked with a semi-digitigrade stance and was probably capable of large, leaping bounds.[8]

Alongside its African relatives and the last members of the genus Hyaenodon from Asia, Hyainailouros was among the largest hyaenodonts that existed.

Phylogeny

The phylogenetic relationships of genus Hyainailouros are shown in the following cladogram:[9][8][10][11][12]

 †Hyaenodonta 

†Eoproviverra

†Boualitomidae

†Arfiidae

†Limnocyonidae

†Sinopidae

†Hyaenodontoidea

†Gazinocyon

†Pyrocyon

†Galecyon

 †Afro‑Arabian clade 

†Parvavorodon

†Indohyaenodontidae

†Glibzegdouia

†Koholiidae

†Tritemnodon

†Teratodontidae

†Apterodontinae

†Maocyon

 †Maocyon/Orienspterodon clade

†Orienspterodon

†Hyainailourinae

†Hemipsalodon

 ? 

†Ischnognathus

 †Akhnatenavus clade

†Akhnatenavus

†"Pterodon" sp. (BC 15’08)

†Hyainailourinae sp. (UON 84-359)

†Hyainailourinae sp. C (DPC 9243 & DPC 10315)

†Hyainailourinae sp. D (DPC 6545)

†Kerberos

†"Pterodon" syrtos

 †Pterodon clade

†Pterodontina

†Hyainailourinae sp. A (DPC 6555)

†"Pterodon" africanus

†Parapterodon

†"Pterodon" sp. (DPC 5036)

†"Pterodon" phiomensis

†Hyainailourini

†Paroxyaenini

†Falcatodon

†Sectisodon

†Exiguodon

†Isohyaenodon zadoki

†Isohyaenodon  (†Isohyaenodontina)

†Isohyaenodon andrewsi

†Sivapterodon

†Hyainailouros bugtiensis

†Hyainailouros napakensis

†Hyainailouros

†Hyainailouros sulzeri

†Hyainailourinae sp. (GSN AD 100’96)

†Simbakubwa

†Leakitheriini

†Megistotherium

†Mlanyama

†Metapterodontini

†Pakakali

†Prionogalidae

 †Hyainailouridae
†Lahimia clade
†Arfia clade
†Galecyon clade
†Indohyaenodon clade
†Tritemnodon clade

See also

References
  1. Pilgrim, G. E. (1912.) "The Vertebrate Fauna of the Gaj Series in the Bugti Hills and the Punjab", Memoir of the Geological Survey of India, Palaeontologia Indica, New Series, 4: 1–83
  2. Ginsburg, L. (1980.) "Hyainailouros sulzeri, mammifère créodonte du Miocène européen." Annales de Paléontologie, 66: 19–73.
  3. W. G. A. Biedermann (1863.) "Petrefacten aus der Umgegend von Winterthur. II Heft: Die Braunkohlen von Elgg. Anhang: Hyainailouros sulzeri". Bleuler-Hausheer, Winterthur, 23 pp.
  4. A. V. Lavrov (1999.) "Adaptive Radiation of Hyaenodontinae (Creodonta, Hyaenodontidae) of Asia." in 6th Congress of the Theriological Society, Moscow, April 13–16, p. 138 [in Russian].
  5. R. J. G. Savage (1965.) "Fossil Mammals of Africa: The Miocene Carnivora of East Africa." Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Geology 10(8):241-316
  6. Morlo, M.; Miller, E. R.; El-Barkooky, A. N. (2007). "Creodonta and Carnivora from Wadi Moghra, Egypt". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 27: 145–159. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[145:CACFWM]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 86235694.
  7. Solé, F.; Lhuillier, J.; Adaci, M.; Bensalah, M.; Mahboubi, M.; Tabuce, R. (2013). "The hyaenodontidans from the Gour Lazib area (?Early Eocene, Algeria): implications concerning the systematics and the origin of the Hyainailourinae and Teratodontinae". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 12 (3): 303–322. doi:10.1080/14772019.2013.795196. S2CID 84475034.
  8. Borths, M. R.; Stevens, N. J. (2019). "Simbakubwa kutokaafrika, gen. et sp. nov. (Hyainailourinae, Hyaenodonta, 'Creodonta,' Mammalia), a gigantic carnivore from the earliest Miocene of Kenya". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 39 (1): e1570222. Bibcode:2019JVPal..39E0222B. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1570222. S2CID 145972918.
  9. Borths, Matthew R.; Stevens, Nancy J. (2017). "Deciduous dentition and dental eruption of Hyainailouroidea (Hyaenodonta, "Creodonta," Placentalia, Mammalia)". Palaeontologia Electronica. 20 (3): 55A. doi:10.26879/776.
  10. Floréal Solé; Bernard Marandat; Fabrice Lihoreau (2020). "The hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the French locality of Aumelas (Hérault), with possible new representatives from the late Ypresian". Geodiversitas. 42 (13): 185–214. doi:10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a13. S2CID 219585388.
  11. Solé, F.; Morlo, M.; Schaal, T.; Lehmann, T. (2021). "New hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the late Ypresian locality of Prémontré (France) support a radiation of the hyaenodonts in Europe already at the end of the early Eocene". Geobios. 66–67: 119–141. Bibcode:2021Geobi..66..119S. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2021.02.004. S2CID 234848856.
  12. Averianov, Alexander; Obraztsova, Ekaterina; Danilov, Igor; Jin, Jian-Hua (2023). "A new hypercarnivorous hyaenodont from the Eocene of South China". Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 11. doi:10.3389/fevo.2023.1076819. ISSN 2296-701X.
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