< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic

Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-vъ

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

Continues Proto-Indo-European *-wós, one of the suffixes from the so-called Caland system. As with other simple suffixes, *-vъ could be agglutinated to other morphemes forming compound suffixes like *-avъ (e.g. *glupavъ ← *glupъ), *-ivъ (e.g. *adušivъ ← *aduxa), *-ovъ (e.g. *surovъ ← *syrъ).

Historically, *-vъ has been used to form perfect active participles or pure adjectives from verb roots. Later on, some forms were reanalyzed into nouns. This was sometimes accompanied with prosodic alteration of the root.

Suffix 1

*-vъ

  1. From thematic declension of u-stem proto-adjectives, without independent base
    *novъ (“new”)
    *terzvъ (“sober”)
    *pьrvъ (“first”)
    *sъdorvъ (“healthy”)
  2. Deverbial, forming attributive adjectives
    *lajati (“to lurk, to ambush”) → *lěvъ (“left”)
    *perti (“to propel, to beat”) → *pravъ (“straight, right”)
    *merti (“to deprive, to die”) → *mьrtvъ (“dead”)
    *krojiti (“to fashion, to cut”) → *krivъ (“curved”)
    *sijati (“to shine, to shimmer”) → *sivъ (“gray”)
  3. Deverbial, forming past imperfect participles
    *byti (“to be”) → *byvъ (“former”)
    *stojati (“to stand”) → *stojěvъ (“who used to be situated, stood”)
  4. (Extension) Denominal or deadjectivcal, forming possessive, pertaining or more expressive versions of the original adjective
    Appended to stems in *-ъ, yielding *-ovъ (see there for examples)
    Appended to stems in *-a, yielding *-avъ (see there for examples)
    Appended to stems in *-ь, yielding *-ivъ (see there for examples)

Declension
Indefinite declension of *-vъ (hard)
Singular Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative *-vъ *-va *-vo
Accusative *-vъ *-vǫ *-vo
Genitive *-va *-vy *-va
Locative *-vě *-vě *-vě
Dative *-vu *-vě *-vu
Instrumental *-vomь *-vojǫ *-vomь
Vocative *-ve *-vo *-vo
Dual Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative *-va *-vě *-vě
Accusative *-va *-vě *-vě
Genitive *-vu *-vu *-vu
Locative *-vu *-vu *-vu
Dative *-voma *-vama *-voma
Instrumental *-voma *-vama *-voma
Vocative *-va *-vě *-vě
Plural Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative *-vi *-vy *-va
Accusative *-vy *-vy *-va
Genitive *-vъ *-vъ *-vъ
Locative *-věxъ *-vaxъ *-věxъ
Dative *-vomъ *-vamъ *-vomъ
Instrumental *-vy *-vami *-vy
Vocative *-vi *-vy *-va
Definite declension of *-vъ (hard)
Singular Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative *-vъjь *-vaja *-voje
Accusative *-vъjь *-vǫjǫ *-voje
Genitive *-vajego *-vyję *-vajego
Locative *-vějemь *-věji *-vějemь
Dative *-vujemu *-věji *-vujemu
Instrumental *-vyjimi *-vǫjǫ *-vyjimi
Vocative *-vъjь *-vaja *-voje
Dual Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative *-vaja *-věji *-věji
Accusative *-vaja *-věji *-věji
Genitive *-vuju *-vuju *-vuju
Locative *-vuju *-vuju *-vuju
Dative *-vyjima *-vyjima *-vyjima
Instrumental *-vyjima *-vyjima *-vyjima
Vocative *-vaja *-věji *-věji
Plural Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative *-viji *-vyję *-vaja
Accusative *-vyję *-vyję *-vaja
Genitive *-vъjixъ *-vъjixъ *-vъjixъ
Locative *-vyjixъ *-vyjixъ *-vyjixъ
Dative *-vyjimъ *-vyjimъ *-vyjimъ
Instrumental *-vyjimi *-vyjimi *-vyjimi
Vocative *-viji *-vyję *-vaja

Suffix 2

*-vъ m

  1. Deverbial, forming "factive" action nouns from imperfect verbs
    *grěti (“to heat, to shine”) → *grěvъ (“warming, shining”)
    *pěti (“to sing”) → *pěvъ (“couplet, refrain (of a song)”)
    *zijati (“to gape”) → *zěvъ (“gullet, pharynx”)
    *po (“on”) + *kryti (“to hide, to cover”) → *pokryvъ (“roof, ceiling”)
    *ryti (“to dig”) → *ryvъ (“burst”)
  2. Deverbial, forming abstract or collective nouns from verbs
    *glijati (“to mix clay and water”) → *glěvъ (“slime”)
    *gňiti (“to gnaw”) → *gněvъ (“anger”)
    possibly *merti (“to die”) → *morvъ (“ant”) (former i-stem)
    *verti (“to turn, to curve”) → *vьrvь (“rope”) (i-stem)
    *dьržati (“to hold”) → *dьržava (“state”) (ā-stem)
    *piti (“to drink”) → *pivo (“beverage”)
  3. From abstract nouns in *-st-, forms abstract neutral nouns. Equivalent to *-ьstvo (see there for examples)
  4. From causative verbs in *-iti, forms resultant or instrumental neutral nouns. Equivalent to *-ivo (see there for examples)

Declension
Declension of *-vъ (hard o-stem)
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative *-vъ *-va *-vi
Accusative *-vъ *-va *-vy
Genitive *-va *-vu *-vъ
Locative *-vě *-vu *-věxъ
Dative *-vu *-voma *-vomъ
Instrumental *-vъmь, *-vomь* *-voma *-vy
Vocative *-ve *-va *-vi
* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.

Derived terms
► <a class='CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory' href='/wiki/Category:Proto-Slavic_words_suffixed_with_*-v%D1%8A' title='Category:Proto-Slavic words suffixed with *-vъ'>Proto-Slavic words suffixed with *-vъ</a>

Descendants
  • East Slavic:
    • Old East Slavic: -въ (-vŭ)
      • Belarusian: -в (-v)
      • Russian: -в (-v), -вый (-vyj)
      • Ukrainian: -в (-v), -вий (-vyj)
  • South Slavic:
    • Old Church Slavonic:
      Cyrillic: -въ (-vŭ)
      Glagolitic: -ⰲⱏ (-vъ)
    • Bulgarian: -в (-v)
    • Macedonian: -в (-v)
    • Serbo-Croatian:
      Cyrillic: -в
      Latin: -v
    • Slovene: -v
  • West Slavic:
    • Czech: -ví
    • Polish: -vy
    • Slovak: -v

Further reading
  • Duridunov et al. (1991): "Наставки на -v-" in Граматика на Старобългарския език (in Bulgarian), Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, p. 178
  • J. Halla-aho (2006): "u-stem adjectives" in Problems of Proto-Slavic Historical Nominal Morphology, University of Helsenki, p. 89
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