Focal dermal hypoplasia

Focal dermal hypoplasia
Other names: Goltz syndrome
This condition is inherited in an X-linked dominant manner.

Focal dermal hypoplasia is a form of ectodermal dysplasia.[1] It is a multisystem disorder characterized primarily by skin manifestations to the atrophic and hypoplastic areas of skin which are present at birth. These defects manifest as yellow-pink bumps on the skin and pigmentation changes.[2] The disorder is also associated with shortness of stature and some evidence suggests that it can cause epilepsy.[3]

Signs and symptoms

This condition always indicates skin problems in the affected individuals, as well as, hand and foot abnormalities[4]

  • Focal dermal hypoplasia
    Focal dermal hypoplasia
  • Focal dermal hypoplasia
    Focal dermal hypoplasia
  • Focal dermal hypoplasia
    Focal dermal hypoplasia

Genetics

The molecular Location of the PORCN gene on the X chromosome: base pairs 48,367,346 to 48,379,201

Focal dermal hypoplasia has been associated with PORCN gene mutations on the X chromosome.[5] 90% of the individuals who are affected with the syndrome are female: the commonly accepted, though unconfirmed, explanation for this is that the non-mosaic hemizygous males are not viable.[6]

The differential diagnosis of focal dermal hypoplasia (Goltz) syndrome includes autosomal recessive Setleis syndrome due to TWIST2 gene mutations. It associated with morning glory anomaly, polymicrogyria, incontinentia pigmenti, oculocerebrocutaneous syndrome, Rothmund-Thomson syndrome and microphthalmia with linear skin defects (also known as MLS) syndrome because they are all caused by deletions or point mutations in the HCCS gene.[7]

Diagnosis

Goltz Syndrome is a very rare diagnosis. To date, there are under 25 cases of Goltz Syndrome in the United States.[8]

Treatment

Management is targeted toward the various soft tissue and skeletal anomalies, with the goal of achieving optimal functional and cosmetic results.

Eponyms

Jessner-Cole syndrome

The disorder was first formally recognized by dermatologists, Max Jessner and Harold Newton Cole, in the early 20th century. Jessner and Cole's papers were referenced more than any others in the first half of the 20th century.[9][10]

Goltz-Gorlin

Besides its formal name, it is most commonly referred to as Goltz-Gorlin syndrome, after Robert Goltz and Robert Gorlin.[11] Goltz and Gorlin worked together at Columbia University [12] and are credited for describing the symptoms of the disorder in more detail than ever before and tracking its genetic trends. The name became popular during the second half of the 20th century.

See also

References

  1. ↑ James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology (10th ed.). Saunders. ISBN 978-0-7216-2921-6.
  2. ↑ Goltz RW, Henderson RR, Hitch JM, Ott JE (2008). "Focal dermal hypoplasia syndrome. A review of the literature and report of two cases". Archives of Dermatology. GeneReviews. 101 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1001/archderm.101.1.1. PMID 5416790.
  3. ↑ Kanemura H, Hatakeyama K, Sugita K, Aihara M (2011). "Epilepsy in a patient with focal dermal hypoplasia". Pediatric Neurology. 44 (2): 135–8. doi:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2010.08.003. PMID 21215914.
  4. ↑ "Focal dermal hypoplasia | Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) – an NCATS Program". rarediseases.info.nih.gov. Archived from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
  5. ↑ Wang X, Reid Sutton V, Omar Peraza-Llanes J, et al. (July 2007). "Mutations in X-linked PORCN, a putative regulator of Wnt signaling, cause focal dermal hypoplasia". Nat. Genet. 39 (7): 836–8. doi:10.1038/ng2057. PMID 17546030. S2CID 3184143.
  6. ↑ Sutton, Reid. Veyver; Ignatia B Van den Veyver (1970). "Focal Dermal Hypoplasia". Arch. Dermatol.
  7. ↑ Wimplinger I, Shaw GM, Kutsche K, et al. (Aug 2007). "HCCS loss-of-function missense mutation in a female with bilateral microphthalmia and sclerocornea: a novel gene for severe ocular malformations?". Mol Vis. 13: 1475–82. PMID 17893649.
  8. ↑ Carol, Koby (host) (January 7, 2015). "From Adversity Comes Invention: A Mother and Daughter's Story". All About Living. 12:00 minutes in. 97.7 FM Madison. Archived from the original on January 15, 2020. Retrieved July 29, 2018.
  9. ↑ Jessner: Naeviforme poikilodermieartige Hautveränderungen mit Missbildungen. Zentralblatt für Haut- und Geschlechtskrankheiten, 1928, 27: 468.
  10. ↑ H. N. Cole, et al: Ectodermal and mesodermal dysplasia with osseous involvement. Archiv für Dermatologie und Syphilis, Berlin, 1941, 44: 773-788.
  11. ↑ synd/1370 at Who Named It?
  12. ↑ R. W. Goltz, W. C. Peterson, R. J. Gorlin, H. G. Ravits: Focal dermal hypoplasia. Archives of Dermatology, Chicago, 1962, 86: 708-717.
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