月
| ||||||||
 | ||||||||
| ||||||||
Translingual
| Stroke order | |||
|---|---|---|---|
 | |||
Han character
月 (radical 74, 月+0, 4 strokes, cangjie input 月 (B), four-corner 77220, composition ⿵冂𠄠)
- Kangxi radical #74, ⽉.
Usage notes
Do not confuse 月 with ⺼, a form of 肉 (“flesh, meat”) when used as the left-hand radical of a character. ⺼ is used for parts of the body such as 背 (“back”) or 肝 (“liver”). These may be written identically as 月, but in careful use they are distinguished, with the inside of ⺼ being written with unattached diagonal strokes. This is particularly an issue in looking up characters by radical; compare the 月 index and 肉 index.
Derived characters
- Index:Chinese radical/月
References
- KangXi: page 504, character 19
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14330
- Dae Jaweon: page 879, character 20
- Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 3, page 2041, character 1
- Unihan data for U+6708
Chinese
| simp. and trad. |
月 | |
|---|---|---|
Glyph origin
| Historical forms of the character 月 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shang | Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Chu Slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
| Characters in the same phonetic series (月) (Zhengzhang, 2003) | |
|---|---|
| Old Chinese | |
| 刖 | *ŋroːd, *ŋod, *ŋuːd |
| 枂 | *ŋoːd, *ŋod |
| 月 | *ŋod |
| 跀 | *ŋod |
| 抈 | *ŋod |
| 鈅 | *ŋod |
| 玥 | *ŋod |
| 蚏 | *ɢod |
Pictogram (象形) – pictographic representation of a crescent moon.
Etymology 1
Unknown. Unger (1992) proposes as cognates Tibetan ངོ (ngo, “waxing and waning moon; half moon”) (e.g. མར་ངོ (mar ngo, “waning moon”) and ཡར་ངོ (yar ngo, “waxing moon”)). Also compare Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-ŋow (“white; light colour”).
Matisoff sets up Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-ŋʷ(j)a-t (“moon; star”) for this, whence also Magar [script needed] (gya hot, “moon”).
Thai งวด (ngûuat, “occasion; time; period”) may be a Chinese loan (Manomaivibool, 1975).
Pronunciation
Definitions
月
Synonyms
- (moon):
- (month): 月份 (yuèfèn)
Compounds
|
|
|
See also
Etymology 2
| For pronunciation and definitions of 月 – see 肉 (“meat; flesh; pork; etc.”). (This character, 月, is a variant form of 肉.) |
Further reading
- “Entry #812”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (in Chinese and Min Nan), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2011.
Japanese
Readings
Compounds
- 月行事, 月行司 (gachigyōji)
- 月輪 (gachirin)
- 月宮殿 (Gakkūden)
- 月宮天子 (Gakkū Tenshi)
- 月天子 (Gattenshi)
- 月輪 (gatsurin)
- 月暈 (getsūn)
- 月下 (gekka)
- 月額 (getsugaku, “monthly amount”)
- 月刊 (gekkan, “monthly publication”)
- 月間 (gekkan)
- 月給 (gekkyū)
- 月宮殿 (Gekkyūden)
- 月経 (gekkei, “menstruation”)
- 月桂 (gekkei)
- 月光 (gekkō, “moonlight”)
- 月食, 月蝕 (gesshoku, “lunar eclipse”)
- 月次 (getsuji, “monthly”)
- 月水 (gessui)
- 月旦 (gettan, “first day of the month”)
- 月桃 (gettō, “shell ginger”)
- 月賦 (geppu, “monthly payment, monthly installment”)
- 月餅 (geppei, “mooncake”)
- 月末 (getsumatsu, “end of the month”)
- 月夜 (getsuya, “moonlit night, moonlight”)
- 月曜 (getsuyō), 月曜日 (getsuyōbi, “Monday”)
- 月輪 (getsurin)
- 月例 (getsurei, “monthly”)
- 月齢 (getsurei, “number of days since the new moon”)
- 雨月 (ugetsu, “fifth lunar month”)
- 隔月 (kakugetsu)
- 観月 (kangetsu)
- 今月 (kongetsu)
- 歳月 (saigetsu)
- 残月 (zangetsu)
- 日月 (jitsugetsu, “sun and moon”)
- 新月 (shingetsu, “new moon”)
- 淡月, 澹月 (tangetsu)
- 日進月歩 (nisshingeppo, “rapid advance”)
- 年月 (nengetsu)
- 半月 (hangetsu, “half moon”)
- 風月 (fūgetsu)
- 毎月 (maigetsu, “every month”)
- 満月 (mangetsu, “full moon”)
- 無月 (mugetsu, “moonless sky”)
- 名月 (meigetsu)
- 翌月 (yokugetsu)
- 来月 (raigetsu)
- 臨月 (ringetsu)
- 月代 (sakayari)
- 如月 (kisaragi)
- 海月 (kurage)
- 五月雨 (samidare)
- 半月 (haniwari, “hermaphrodite”)
Etymology 1
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 月 |
| つき Grade: 1 |
| kun’yomi |
⟨tuki2⟩ → */tukʷɨ/ → */t͡sukʷi/ → /t͡suki/
From Old Japanese 月 (tuki2) (cf. phonetic Man'yōgana forms 都奇 (MC tuo kˠiᴇ) and 追奇 (MC ʈˠiuɪ kˠiᴇ)), from Proto-Japonic *tukuy. Cognate with Proto-Ryukyuan *tuki, whence Southern Amami-Oshima てぃき (tɨkˀi), Kunigami しちー (ɕitɕiː), Okinawan ちち (tɕitɕi), Miyako つきぃ (tsɿkɿ), Yaeyama つぃくぃ (tsɨkˢɨ) and Yonaguni ってぃー (tˀiː).[1]
Likely a shift from tsuku (see below), derived through a fusion with ancient Japanese emphatic nominal particle い (i). Compare the development of 神 (kami, “Shinto deity”) from older combining form kamu.
Noun
- the moon
- (astronomy) a natural satellite
- moonlight, moonbeam
- a 家紋 (kamon, “family crest”) with various designs of the moon
- (tarot) the Moon, the eighteenth trump or major arcana card in most traditional Tarot decks
- a month (lunar cycle)
- 月に一度、旅行に出かけます。
- Tsuki ni ichido, ryokō ni dekakemasu.
- I go for a trip once a month.
- 月に一度、旅行に出かけます。
- one month
- Synonym: 一ヶ月 (ikkagetsu)
- Short for 月囲い (tsukigakoi): This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}. - a menstrual cycle, menstruation
- 711–712, Kojiki (poem 27)
- ...那賀祁勢流意須比能須蘇爾都紀多知邇祁理 [Man'yōgana]
- ...汝が着せる襲の裾に月立ちにけり [Modern spelling]
- ...naga keseru osui no suso ni tsuki tachi-ni-keri
- (please add an English translation of this example)
- Synonyms: 月経 (gekkei), 月水 (gessui), 月の障り (tsuki no sawari), 月の物 (tsuki no mono)
- 711–712, Kojiki (poem 27)
Derived terms
- 月月, 月々 (tsukizuki)
- 月が欠ける (tsuki ga kakeru)
- 月影 (tsukikage, “moonlight”)
- 月囲, 月囲い (tsukigakoi)
- 月形 (tsukigata, “crescent moon”)
- 月が満ちる (tsuki ga michiru)
- 月極, 月極め (tsukigime, “monthly”)
- 月行事, 月行司 (tsukigyōji)
- 月代 (tsukishiro, “lunar era”)
- 月立つ (tsukitatsu)
- 月並, 月並み, 月次 (tsukinami, “mediocrity”)
- 月に異に (tsuki ni ke ni)
- 月に日に異に (tsuki ni hi ni ke ni)
- 月に星 (tsuki ni hoshi)
- 月の兎 (tsuki no usagi)
- 月の頃 (tsuki no koro)
- 月の障り (tsuki no sawari)
- 月の物 (tsuki no mono)
- 月輪 (Tsukinowa)
- 月番 (tsukiban)
- 月偏 (tsukihen)
- 月見 (tsukimi)
- 月不見月 (tsukimizuzuki)
- 月夜 (tsukiyo)
- 月読, 月夜見 (Tsukiyomi, Shinto god of the moon)
- 月を越す (tsuki o kosu)
- 月を跨ぐ (tsuki o matagu)
- 有明の月 (ariake no tsuki, “moon when it is still visible after the sun has risen”)
- 祝月, 斎月 (iwaizuki)
- 五月, 早月, 皐月 (satsuki)
- 卯月 (uzuki)
- 産み月 (umizuki)
- 神去り月 (kamisarizuki)
- 神無月 (kaminazuki), 神無月 (kannazuki)
- 早苗月 (sanaezuki)
- 霜月 (shimotsuki)
- 小の月 (shō no tsuki)
- 大の月 (dai no tsuki)
- 月見月 (tsukimizuki)
- 年月 (toshitsuki)
- 長月 (nagatsuki), 長月 (nagazuki)
- 肉月 (nikuzuki)
- 葉月 (hazuki)
- 半月 (hantsuki, “half moon”)
- 文月 (fumizuki)
- 毎月 (maitsuki, “every month”)
- 三日月 (mikazuki, “crescent moon”)
- 水無月 (minazuki)
- 睦月 (mutsuki)
- 望月 (mochizuki)
- 夕月 (yūzuki)
| Japanese number-counter combinations for 月 (tsuki) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | How many? |
| 一月 (hitotsuki) | 二月 (futatsuki) | 三月 (mitsuki) | 四月 (yotsuki) | 五月 (itsutsuki) | 六月 (mutsuki) | 七月 (nanatsuki) | 八月 (yatsuki) | 九月 (kokonotsuki) | 十月 (totsuki) | 何月 (nantsuki) |
Idioms
- 月よ星よ (tsuki yo hoshi yo)
Proverbs
- 月と鼈 (tsuki to suppon)
- 月に叢雲花に風 (tsuki ni murakumo hana ni kaze)
- 月の前の灯 (tsuki no mae no tomoshibi)
- 月満つれば則ち虧く (tsuki mitsureba sunawachi kaku)
- 月を指せば指を認む (tsuki o saseba yubi o mitomu)
Etymology 2
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 月 |
| つく Grade: 1 |
| kun’yomi |
/tuku/ → /t͡suku/
From Old Japanese (compare phonetic man'yōgana forms 都久 (MC tuo kɨuX) and 豆久 (MC dəuH kɨuX)), ultimately from Proto-Japonic *tuku.[1]
Noun
- Combining form of つき (tsuki) above
- (regional, obsolete) Eastern Old Japanese variation of つき (tsuki) above:
- the moon
- c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 14, poem 3395), text here
- 乎豆久波乃祢呂尓都久多思安比太欲波佐波太奈利努乎萬多祢天武可聞 [Man'yōgana]
- 小筑波の嶺ろに月立し間夜はさはだなりぬをまた寝てむかも [Modern spelling]
- o-Tsukuba no nero ni tsukutashi aida yo wa sawada narinu o mata netemu ka mo
- (please add an English translation of this example)
- c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 14, poem 3395), text here
- a month
- c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 20, poem 4413), text here
- 麻久良多之己志尓等里波伎麻可奈之伎西呂我馬伎己無都久乃之良奈久 [Man'yōgana]
- 枕太刀腰に取り佩きま愛しき背ろが罷き来む月の知らなく [Modern spelling]
- makura-tashi koshi ni torihaki ma-kanashiki sero ga makikomu tsuku no shiranaku
- (please add an English translation of this example)
- c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 20, poem 4413), text here
- the moon
Usage notes
The first sense is not productive in modern Japanese and not found in isolation.
Derived terms
Etymology 3
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 月 |
| がつ Grade: 1 |
| kan’yōon |
/ɡʷatɨ/ → /ɡʷatu/ → /ɡat͡su/
From Middle Chinese 月 (MC ŋʉɐt̚).
The kan'yōon, a pronunciation in common usage based on a corruption of the Middle Chinese borrowing.
Pronunciation
- Kan’yōyomi
- IPA(key): [ɡa̠t͡sɨᵝ]
- Some dictionaries apparently classify this reading as both goon and kan'yōon.
Derived terms
- 正月 (shōgatsu)
| Japanese number-counter combinations for 月 (gatsu) | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | 5th | 6th | 7th | 8th | 9th | 10th | 11th | 12th | Which month? |
| 一月 (ichigatsu) | 二月 (nigatsu) | 三月 (sangatsu) | 四月 (shigatsu) | 五月 (gogatsu) | 六月 (rokugatsu) | 七月 (shichigatsu) 七月 (nanagatsu) |
八月 (hachigatsu) | 九月 (kugatsu) | 十月 (jūgatsu) | 十一月 (jūichigatsu) | 十二月 (jūnigatsu) | 何月 (nangatsu) |
Usage notes
When used in most compounds or when counting a number of months with ヶ (ka), 月 is pronounced げつ (getsu). When used in compounds for modern months of the year, it is pronounced がつ (gatsu). When used for poetic or lunar months, it is pronounced つき (tsuki).
Etymology 4
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 月 |
| げつ Grade: 1 |
| kan’on |
/ɡʷetu/ → /ɡet͡su/
From Middle Chinese 月 (MC ŋʉɐt̚).
The kan'on, so likely a later borrowing. Compare modern Hakka 月 (ngie̍t), Min Nan 月 (ge̍h).
Counter
月 (hiragana げつ, rōmaji -getsu)
Usage notes
When used in most compounds or when counting a number of months with ヶ (ka), 月 is pronounced げつ (getsu). When used in compounds for modern months of the year, it is pronounced がつ (gatsu). When used for poetic or lunar months, it is pronounced つき (tsuki).
Etymology 5
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 月 |
| がち Grade: 1 |
| goon |
/ɡʷat͡ɕi/ → /ɡat͡ɕi/
First attested in the Edo period.
Appears to be a poetic use of the goon reading, in reference to a rank of 端女郎 (hashi jorō, “low-end prostitute”) in the Kansai region. According to a popular song, a gachi prostitute cost one 匁 (monme, old unit of currency, worth roughly 3.75 grams of silver), a 影 (kage, literally “shadow”) prostitute cost two monme, and a 汐 (shio, literally “tide; loveliness”) prostitute cost three monme.[2][4]
Noun
月 (hiragana がち, rōmaji gachi, historical hiragana ぐわち)
- (historical) during the Edo period, a low rank of low-end prostitute in the Kansai region
Derived terms
- 月の女郎 (gachi no jorō)
Etymology 6
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 月 |
| がち Grade: 1 |
| goon |
Either a shift in sense from the low-ranking prostitute meaning above, or a shift in pronunciation from 頑痴 (ganchi, “stubborn and stupid”).[2][4]
Noun
References
|
- Source: EDICT and KANJIDIC files licensed by the Electronic Dictionaries Research Group.
- Pellard, Thomas (2012), “日琉祖語の分岐年代”, in 琉球諸語と古代日本語に関する比較言語学的研究」ワークショップ, page 6
- 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
- 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
Korean
Kunigami
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ɕi̻t͡ɕiː/
Miyako
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /t͡sɨ̥kˢɨ/
Vietnamese
Han character
月 (nguyệt)
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}.
Yaeyama
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /t͡sɨ̥kɨ/
Yonaguni
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /tˀiː/