GABAB receptor

GABAB receptors (GABABR) are G-protein coupled receptors for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), therefore making them metabotropic receptors, that are linked via G-proteins to potassium channels.[1] The changing potassium concentrations hyperpolarize the cell at the end of an action potential. The reversal potential of the GABAB-mediated IPSP (inhibitory postsynaptic potential) is –100 mV, which is much more hyperpolarized than the GABAA IPSP. GABAB receptors are found in the central nervous system and the autonomic division of the peripheral nervous system.[2]

gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) B receptor, 1
Identifiers
SymbolGABBR1
NCBI gene2550
HGNC4070
OMIM603540
RefSeqNM_021905
UniProtQ9UBS5
Other data
LocusChr. 6 p21.3
Search for
StructuresSwiss-model
DomainsInterPro
gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) B receptor, 2
Identifiers
SymbolGABBR2
Alt. symbolsGPR51
NCBI gene9568
HGNC4507
OMIM607340
RefSeqNM_005458
UniProtO75899
Other data
LocusChr. 9 q22.1-22.3
Search for
StructuresSwiss-model
DomainsInterPro

The receptors were first named in 1981 when their distribution in the CNS was determined, which was determined by Norman Bowery and his team using radioactively labelled baclofen.[3]

Functions

GABABRs stimulate the opening of K+ channels, specifically GIRKs, which brings the neuron closer to the equilibrium potential of K+. This reduces the frequency of action potentials which reduces neurotransmitter release. Thus GABAB receptors are inhibitory receptors.

GABAB receptors also reduces the activity of adenylyl cyclase and Ca2+ channels by using G-proteins with Gi/G0 α subunits.[4]

GABAB receptors are involved in behavioral actions of ethanol,[5][6] gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB),[7] and possibly in pain.[8] Recent research suggests that these receptors may play an important developmental role.[9]

Receptor dimer, inactive apo state, cartoon representation

Structure

GABAB Receptors are similar in structure to and in the same receptor family with metabotropic glutamate receptors.[10] There are two subunits of the receptor, GABAB1 and GABAB2,[11] and these appear to assemble as obligate heterodimers in neuronal membranes by linking up by their intracellular C termini.[10] In the mammalian brain, two predominant, differentially expressed isoforms of the GABAB1 are transcribed from the Gabbr1 gene, GABAB(1a) and GABAB(1b), which are conserved in different species including humans.[12] This might potentially offer more complexity in terms of the function due to different composition of the receptor.[12] Cryo-electron microscopy structures of the full length GABAB receptor in different conformational states from inactive apo to fully active have been obtained. Unlike Class A and B GPCRs, phospholipids bind within the transmembrane bundles and allosteric modulators bind at the interface of GABAB1 and GABAB2 subunits.[13][14][15][16][17][18][19]

Ligands
GABA
GHB
Lesogaberan

Agonists
CGP-7930

Positive Allosteric Modulators
Phaclofen
SCH-50911

Antagonists

See also

References
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  2. Hyland NP, Cryan JF (2010). "A Gut Feeling about GABA: Focus on GABA(B) Receptors". Frontiers in Pharmacology. 1: 124. doi:10.3389/fphar.2010.00124. PMC 3153004. PMID 21833169.
  3. Hill DR, Bowery NG (March 1981). "3H-baclofen and 3H-GABA bind to bicuculline-insensitive GABA B sites in rat brain". Nature. 290 (5802): 149–52. Bibcode:1981Natur.290..149H. doi:10.1038/290149a0. PMID 6259535. S2CID 4335907.
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  5. Dzitoyeva S, Dimitrijevic N, Manev H (April 2003). "Gamma-aminobutyric acid B receptor 1 mediates behavior-impairing actions of alcohol in Drosophila: adult RNA interference and pharmacological evidence". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 100 (9): 5485–90. Bibcode:2003PNAS..100.5485D. doi:10.1073/pnas.0830111100. PMC 154371. PMID 12692303.
  6. Ariwodola OJ, Weiner JL (November 2004). "Ethanol potentiation of GABAergic synaptic transmission may be self-limiting: role of presynaptic GABA(B) receptors". The Journal of Neuroscience. 24 (47): 10679–86. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1768-04.2004. PMC 6730127. PMID 15564584.
  7. Dimitrijevic N, Dzitoyeva S, Satta R, Imbesi M, Yildiz S, Manev H (September 2005). "Drosophila GABA(B) receptors are involved in behavioral effects of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB)". European Journal of Pharmacology. 519 (3): 246–52. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.07.016. PMID 16129424.
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  10. MRC (Medical Research Council). 2003. Glutamate receptors: Structures and functions. University of Brisotol Centre for Synaptic Plasticity.
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  13. Shaye H, Stauch B, Gati C, Cherezov V (May 2021). "Molecular mechanisms of metabotropic GABAB receptor function". Science Advances. 7 (22): eabg3362. Bibcode:2021SciA....7.3362S. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abg3362. PMC 8163086. PMID 34049877.
  14. Shaye H, Ishchenko A, Lam JH, Han GW, Xue L, Rondard P, et al. (August 2020). "Structural basis of the activation of a metabotropic GABA receptor". Nature. 584 (7820): 298–303. Bibcode:2020Natur.584..298S. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2408-4. PMC 8020835. PMID 32555460.
  15. Papasergi-Scott MM, Robertson MJ, Seven AB, Panova O, Mathiesen JM, Skiniotis G (June 2020). "Structures of metabotropic GABAB receptor". Nature. 584 (7820): 310–314. Bibcode:2020Natur.584..310P. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2469-4. PMC 7429364. PMID 32580208.
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  17. Park J, Fu Z, Frangaj A, Liu J, Mosyak L, Shen T, et al. (June 2020). "B receptor in an inactive state". Nature. 584 (7820): 304–309. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2452-0. PMC 7725281. PMID 32581365. S2CID 220050861.
  18. Kim Y, Jeong E, Jeong JH, Kim Y, Cho Y (November 2020). "Structural Basis for Activation of the Heterodimeric GABAB Receptor". Journal of Molecular Biology. 432 (22): 5966–5984. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2020.09.023. PMID 33058878. S2CID 222841520.
  19. Shen C, Mao C, Xu C, Jin N, Zhang H, Shen DD, et al. (June 2021). "Structural basis of GABAB receptor-Gi protein coupling". Nature. 594 (7864): 594–598. Bibcode:2021Natur.594..594S. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03507-1. PMC 8222003. PMID 33911284.
  20. Urwyler S, Mosbacher J, Lingenhoehl K, Heid J, Hofstetter K, Froestl W, et al. (November 2001). "Positive allosteric modulation of native and recombinant gamma-aminobutyric acid(B) receptors by 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-(3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-propyl)-phenol (CGP7930) and its aldehyde analog CGP13501". Molecular Pharmacology. 60 (5): 963–71. doi:10.1124/mol.60.5.963. PMID 11641424.
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  24. Giotti A, Luzzi S, Spagnesi S, Zilletti L (August 1983). "Homotaurine: a GABAB antagonist in guinea-pig ileum". British Journal of Pharmacology. 79 (4): 855–62. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1983.tb10529.x. PMC 2044932. PMID 6652358.
  25. Kimura T, Saunders PA, Kim HS, Rheu HM, Oh KW, Ho IK (January 1994). "Interactions of ginsenosides with ligand-bindings of GABA(A) and GABA(B) receptors". General Pharmacology. 25 (1): 193–9. doi:10.1016/0306-3623(94)90032-9. PMID 8026706.
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