Hypocretin (orexin) receptor 2
Orexin receptor type 2 (Ox2R or OX2), also known as hypocretin receptor type 2 (HcrtR2), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HCRTR2 gene.[5]
| Orexin receptor type 2 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Identifiers | |||||||||
| Symbol | Orexin_rec2 | ||||||||
| Pfam | PF03827 | ||||||||
| InterPro | IPR004060 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
Structure
The structure of the receptor has been solved to 2.5 Å resolution as a fusion protein bound to suvorexant using lipid-mediated crystallization.[6]
Function
OX2 is a G-protein coupled receptor expressed exclusively in the brain. It has 64% identity with OX1. OX2 binds both orexin A and orexin B neuropeptides. OX2 is involved in the central feedback mechanism that regulates feeding behaviour.[5] Mice with enhanced OX2 signaling are resistant to high-fat diet-induced obesity.[7]
This receptor is activated by Hipocretin, which is a wake-promoting hypothalamic neuropeptide that acts as a critical regulator of sleep in animals as Zebrafish or Mammals. This protein has mutations in Astyanax mexicanus that reduces the sleep needs of the cavefish. [8]
Ligands
Agonists
- Danavorexton (TAK-925) – selective OX2 receptor agonist
- Firazorexton – selective OX2 receptor agonist[9][10]
- Orexins – dual OX1 and OX2 receptor agonists
- SB-668875 – selective OX2 receptor agonist
- Suntinorexton – selective OX2 receptor agonist[9][10]
- TAK-861 – selective OX2 receptor agonist[13]
- TAK-994 – selective OX2 receptor agonist
Antagonists
- Almorexant - Dual OX1 and OX2 antagonist
- Daridorexant (nemorexant) - Dual OX1 and OX2 antagonist
- EMPA - Selective OX2 antagonist
- Filorexant - Dual OX1 and OX2 antagonist
- JNJ-10397049 (600x selective for OX2 over OX1)[14]
- Lemborexant - Dual OX1 and OX2 antagonist
- MK-1064 - Selective OX2 antagonist[15]
- MK-8133 - Selective OX2 antagonist[16]
- SB-649,868 - Dual OX1 and OX2 antagonist
- Seltorexant - Selective OX2 antagonist
- Suvorexant - Dual OX1 and OX2 antagonist
- TCS-OX2-29 - Selective OX2 antagonist
- (3,4-dimethoxyphenoxy)alkylamino acetamides[17]
- Compound 1m - Selective OX2 antagonist[18]
See also
References
- GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000137252 - Ensembl, May 2017
- GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000032360 - Ensembl, May 2017
- "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- "Entrez Gene: HCRTR2 hypocretin (orexin) receptor 2".
- Liszewski, Kathy (1 October 2015). "Dissecting the Structure of Membrane Proteins". Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News. 35 (17): 16. doi:10.1089/gen.35.07.09.
- Funato H, Tsai AL, Willie JT, Kisanuki Y, Williams SC, Sakurai T, Yanagisawa M (January 2009). "Enhanced orexin receptor-2 signaling prevents diet-induced obesity and improves leptin sensitivity". Cell Metabolism. 9 (1): 64–76. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2008.10.010. PMC 2630400. PMID 19117547.
- Warren WC, Boggs TE, Borowsky R, Carlson BM, Ferrufino E, Gross JB, et al. (March 2021). "A chromosome-level genome of Astyanax mexicanus surface fish for comparing population-specific genetic differences contributing to trait evolution". Nature Communications. 12 (1): 1447. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-21733-z. PMC 7933363. PMID 33664263.
- "WHO Drug Information, Vol. 34, No. 2, 2020 Proposed INN: List 123 263 : International Nonproprietary Names for Pharmaceutical Substances (INN)" (PDF). Who.int. Retrieved 2021-11-30.
- WO application 2019027058, Kajita, Yuichi; Mikami, Satoshi & Miyanohana, Yuhei et al., "Heterocyclic compound and use therof", published 2019-02-07, assigned to Takeda Pharmaceutical Company
- Smart D, Jerman JC, Brough SJ, Rushton SL, Murdock PR, Jewitt F, et al. (September 1999). "Characterization of recombinant human orexin receptor pharmacology in a Chinese hamster ovary cell-line using FLIPR". British Journal of Pharmacology. 128 (1): 1–3. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0702780. PMC 1571615. PMID 10498827.
- Langmead CJ, Jerman JC, Brough SJ, Scott C, Porter RA, Herdon HJ (January 2004). "Characterisation of the binding of [3H]-SB-674042, a novel nonpeptide antagonist, to the human orexin-1 receptor". British Journal of Pharmacology. 141 (2): 340–346. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705610. PMC 1574197. PMID 14691055.
- "Wave 1 Pipeline Market Opportunity Conference Call" (PDF). Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited. 8 December 2020. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-10-20.
TAK-861, a second oral OX2R agonist will begin clinical testing in 2H FY20
- McAtee LC, Sutton SW, Rudolph DA, Li X, Aluisio LE, Phuong VK, et al. (August 2004). "Novel substituted 4-phenyl-[1,3]dioxanes: potent and selective orexin receptor 2 (OX(2)R) antagonists". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 14 (16): 4225–4229. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.06.032. PMID 15261275.
- Roecker AJ, Mercer SP, Schreier JD, Cox CD, Fraley ME, Steen JT, et al. (February 2014). "Discovery of 5-chloro-N-[(5,6-dimethoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]-2,2':5',3-terpyridine-3'-carboxamide (MK-1064): a selective orexin 2 receptor antagonist (2-SORA) for the treatment of insomnia". ChemMedChem. 9 (2): 311–322. doi:10.1002/cmdc.201300447. PMID 24376006. S2CID 26114114.
- Kuduk SD, Skudlarek JW, DiMarco CN, Bruno JG, Pausch MH, O'Brien JA, et al. (June 2015). "Identification of MK-8133: An orexin-2 selective receptor antagonist with favorable development properties". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 25 (12): 2488–2492. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.04.066. PMID 25981685.
- Cole AG, Stroke IL, Qin LY, Hussain Z, Simhadri S, Brescia MR, et al. (October 2008). "Synthesis of (3,4-dimethoxyphenoxy)alkylamino acetamides as orexin-2 receptor antagonists". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 18 (20): 5420–5423. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.09.038. PMID 18815029.
- Fujimoto T, Kunitomo J, Tomata Y, Nishiyama K, Nakashima M, Hirozane M, et al. (November 2011). "Discovery of potent, selective, orally active benzoxazepine-based Orexin-2 receptor antagonists". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 21 (21): 6414–6416. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.08.093. PMID 21917455.
Further reading
- Flier JS, Maratos-Flier E (February 1998). "Obesity and the hypothalamus: novel peptides for new pathways". Cell. 92 (4): 437–440. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80937-X. PMID 9491885. S2CID 14768585.
- Willie JT, Chemelli RM, Sinton CM, Yanagisawa M (2001). "To eat or to sleep? Orexin in the regulation of feeding and wakefulness". Annual Review of Neuroscience. 24: 429–458. doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.429. PMID 11283317.
- Hungs M, Mignot E (May 2001). "Hypocretin/orexin, sleep and narcolepsy". BioEssays. 23 (5): 397–408. doi:10.1002/bies.1058. PMID 11340621. S2CID 541650.
- de Lecea L, Kilduff TS, Peyron C, Gao X, Foye PE, Danielson PE, et al. (January 1998). "The hypocretins: hypothalamus-specific peptides with neuroexcitatory activity". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 95 (1): 322–327. Bibcode:1998PNAS...95..322D. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.1.322. PMC 18213. PMID 9419374.
- Sakurai T, Amemiya A, Ishii M, Matsuzaki I, Chemelli RM, Tanaka H, et al. (February 1998). "Orexins and orexin receptors: a family of hypothalamic neuropeptides and G protein-coupled receptors that regulate feeding behavior". Cell. 92 (4): 573–585. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80949-6. PMID 9491897. S2CID 16294729.
- Sakurai T, Amemiya A, Ishii M, Matsuzaki I, Chemelli RM, Tanaka H, et al. (March 1998). "Orexins and orexin receptors: a family of hypothalamic neuropeptides and G protein-coupled receptors that regulate feeding behavior". Cell. 92 (5): 1 page following 696. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(02)09256-5. PMID 9527442.
- Peyron C, Faraco J, Rogers W, Ripley B, Overeem S, Charnay Y, et al. (September 2000). "A mutation in a case of early onset narcolepsy and a generalized absence of hypocretin peptides in human narcoleptic brains". Nature Medicine. 6 (9): 991–997. doi:10.1038/79690. PMID 10973318. S2CID 18076282.
- Wright GJ, Puklavec MJ, Willis AC, Hoek RM, Sedgwick JD, Brown MH, Barclay AN (August 2000). "Lymphoid/neuronal cell surface OX2 glycoprotein recognizes a novel receptor on macrophages implicated in the control of their function". Immunity. 13 (2): 233–242. doi:10.1016/S1074-7613(00)00023-6. PMID 10981966.
- Hartley JL, Temple GF, Brasch MA (November 2000). "DNA cloning using in vitro site-specific recombination". Genome Research. 10 (11): 1788–1795. doi:10.1101/gr.143000. PMC 310948. PMID 11076863.
- Mazzocchi G, Malendowicz LK, Gottardo L, Aragona F, Nussdorfer GG (February 2001). "Orexin A stimulates cortisol secretion from human adrenocortical cells through activation of the adenylate cyclase-dependent signaling cascade". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 86 (2): 778–782. doi:10.1210/jcem.86.2.7233. PMID 11158046.
- Blanco M, López M, García-Caballero T, Gallego R, Vázquez-Boquete A, Morel G, et al. (April 2001). "Cellular localization of orexin receptors in human pituitary". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 86 (4): 1616–1619. doi:10.1210/jcem.86.7.7433. PMID 11297593.
- Blanco M, López M, GarcIa-Caballero T, Gallego R, Morel G, SeñarIs R, et al. (July 2001). "Cellular localization of orexin receptors in human pituitary". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 86 (7): 1616–1619. doi:10.1210/jcem.86.7.7433. PMID 11443222.
- Karteris E, Randeva HS, Grammatopoulos DK, Jaffe RB, Hillhouse EW (September 2001). "Expression and coupling characteristics of the CRH and orexin type 2 receptors in human fetal adrenals". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 86 (9): 4512–4519. doi:10.1210/jcem.86.9.7849. PMID 11549701.
- Randeva HS, Karteris E, Grammatopoulos D, Hillhouse EW (October 2001). "Expression of orexin-A and functional orexin type 2 receptors in the human adult adrenals: implications for adrenal function and energy homeostasis". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 86 (10): 4808–4813. doi:10.1210/jcem.86.10.7921. PMID 11600545.
- Olafsdóttir BR, Rye DB, Scammell TE, Matheson JK, Stefánsson K, Gulcher JR (November 2001). "Polymorphisms in hypocretin/orexin pathway genes and narcolepsy". Neurology. 57 (10): 1896–1899. doi:10.1212/wnl.57.10.1896. PMID 11723285. S2CID 38597998.
- Blanco M, García-Caballero T, Fraga M, Gallego R, Cuevas J, Forteza J, et al. (March 2002). "Cellular localization of orexin receptors in human adrenal gland, adrenocortical adenomas and pheochromocytomas". Regulatory Peptides. 104 (1–3): 161–165. doi:10.1016/S0167-0115(01)00359-7. PMID 11830291. S2CID 30238394.
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