WHO Model List of Essential Medicines
The WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (aka Essential Medicines List or EML[1]), published by the World Health Organization (WHO), contains the medications considered to be most effective and safe to meet the most important needs in a health system.[2] The list is frequently used by countries to help develop their own local lists of essential medicines.[2] As of 2016, more than 155 countries have created national lists of essential medicines based on the World Health Organization's model list.[1] This includes both developed and developing countries.[2][3]
The list is divided into core items and complementary items.[4] The core items are deemed to be the most cost-effective options for key health problems and are usable with little additional health care resources.[4] The complementary items either require additional infrastructure such as specially trained health care providers or diagnostic equipment or have a lower cost–benefit ratio.[4] About 25% of items are in the complementary list.[5] Some medications are listed as both core and complementary.[6] While most medications on the list are available as generic products, being under patent does not preclude inclusion.[7]
The first list was published in 1977 and included 208 medications.[8][2][9] The WHO updates the list every two years.[10] There are 306 medications in the 14th list in 2005,[11] 410 in the 19th list in 2015,[10] 433 in the 20th list in 2017,[12][13] 460 in the 21st list in 2019,[14][15][16] and 479 in the 22nd list in 2021.[17][18] Various national lists contain between 334 and 580 medications.[5]
A separate list for children up to 12 years of age, known as the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children (EMLc), was created in 2007 and is in its 8th edition.[10][19][20] It was created to make sure that the needs of children were systematically considered such as availability of proper formulations.[21][22] Everything in the children's list is also included in the main list.[23] The list and notes are based on the 19th to 22nd edition of the main list.[4][12][14][17] An α indicates a medicine is on the complementary list.[4][14][17] Therapeutic alternatives with similar clinical performance are listed for some medicines and they may be considered for national essential medicines lists.[17][18]
Anaesthetics, preoperative medicines and medical gases
Inhalational medicines
Local anaesthetics
Medicines for pain and palliative care
Non-opioids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medicines (NSAIMs)
- Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin)
- Ibuprofen[note 4]
- Paracetamol[note 5] (acetaminophen)
Medicines for other common symptoms in palliative care
Antiallergics and medicines used in anaphylaxis
Antidotes and other substances used in poisonings
Non-specific
Anticonvulsants/antiepileptics
- Carbamazepine
- Diazepam
- Lamotrigine[note 13]
- Lorazepam[note 14]
- Magnesium sulfate[note 15]
- Midazolam[note 16]
- Phenobarbital
- Phenytoin[note 17]
- Valproic acid (sodium valproate)[note 18]
- Ethosuximideα
- Valproic acid (sodium valproate)α
Anti-infective medicines
Intestinal anthelminthics
Antifilarials
Antischistosomals and other antinematode medicines
Cysticidal medicines
Access group antibiotics
- Amikacin
- Amoxicillin
- Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (amoxicillin + clavulanic acid)
- Ampicillin
- Benzathine benzylpenicillin
- Benzylpenicillin
- Cefalexin
- Cefazolin[note 20]
- Chloramphenicol[note 21]
- Clindamycin
- Cloxacillin[note 22][note 23]
- Doxycycline[note 24]
- Gentamicin
- Metronidazole
- Nitrofurantoin
- Phenoxymethylpenicillin (penicillin V)
- Procaine benzylpenicillin[note 25]
- Spectinomycin
- Sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim)
- Trimethoprim
Watch group antibiotics
Reserve group antibiotics
Reserve antibiotics are last-resort antibiotics. The final version of the EML antibiotic book was supposed to be published in mid-2022, following the public consultation phase.[24]
Antileprosy medicines
Antituberculosis medicines
- Ethambutol
- Ethambutol/isoniazid/pyrazinamide/rifampicin (ethambutol + isoniazid + pyrazinamide + rifampicin)
- Ethambutol/isoniazid/rifampicin (ethambutol + isoniazid + rifampicin)
- Isoniazid
- Isoniazid/pyrazinamide/rifampicin (isoniazid + pyrazinamide + rifampicin)
- Isoniazid/rifampicin (isoniazid + rifampicin)
- Isoniazid/rifapentine (isoniazid + rifapentine)
- Moxifloxacin
- Pyrazinamide
- Rifabutin[note 31]
- Rifampicin
- Rifapentine
- Amikacinα
- Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (amoxicillin + clavulanic acid)α[note 32]
- Bedaquilineα[note 33]
- Clofazimineα
- Cycloserineα[note 34]
- Delamanidα
- Ethionamideα[note 35]
- Levofloxacinα
- Linezolidα
- Meropenemα[note 36]
- Moxifloxacinα
- P-aminosalicylic acidα
- Streptomycinα
Antifungal medicines
Nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors
Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
Protease inhibitors
Integrase inhibitors
Fixed-dose combinations of antiretroviral medicines
- Abacavir/lamivudine (abacavir + lamivudine)
- Dolutegravir/lamivudine/tenofovir (dolutegravir + lamivudine + tenofovir)
- Efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir[note 43]
- Efavirenz/lamivudine/tenofovir (efavirenz + lamivudine + tenofovir)
- Emtricitabine/tenofovir (emtricitabine + tenofovir)[note 43][note 44]
- Lamivudine/zidovudine (lamivudine + zidovudine)
Medicines for prevention of HIV-related opportunistic infections
Other antivirals
Nucleoside/Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors
Pangenotypic direct-acting antiviral combinations
Non-pangenotypic direct-acting antiviral combinations
- Dasabuvir
- Ledipasvir/sofosbuvir (ledipasvir + sofosbuvir)
- Ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir (ombitasvir + paritaprevir + ritonavir)
Other antivirals for hepatitis C
Antiamoebic and antigiardiasis medicines
Antileishmaniasis medicines
For curative treatment
- Amodiaquine[note 54]
- Artemether[note 55]
- Artemether/lumefantrine (artemether + lumefantrine)[note 56]
- Artesunate[note 57]
- Artesunate/amodiaquine (artesunate + amodiaquine)[note 58]
- Artesunate/mefloquine (artesunate + mefloquine)
- Artesunate/pyronaridine tetraphosphate (artesunate + pyronaridine tetraphosphate)
- Chloroquine[note 59]
- Dihydroartemisinin/piperaquine phosphate (dihydroartemisinin + piperaquine phosphate)
- Doxycycline[note 60]
- Mefloquine[note 54]
- Primaquine[note 61]
- Quinine[note 62]
- Sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine (sulfadoxine + pyrimethamine)[note 63]
For chemoprevention
Antipneumocystosis and antitoxoplasmosis medicines
African trypanosomiasis
Medicines for the treatment of 1st stage African trypanosomiasis
Medicines for the treatment of 2nd stage African trypanosomiasis
American trypanosomiasis
Medicines for ectoparasitic infections
Antimigraine medicines
For treatment of acute attack
- Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin)
- Ibuprofen
- Paracetamol (acetaminophen)
- Sumatriptan
For prophylaxis
Immunomodulators and antineoplastics
Immunomodulators for non-malignant disease
Cytotoxic medicines
- Arsenic trioxideα
- Asparaginaseα[note 72]
- Bendamustineα
- Bleomycinα
- Calcium folinateα
- Capecitabineα
- Carboplatinα
- Chlorambucilα
- Cisplatinα
- Cyclophosphamideα
- Cytarabineα
- Dacarbazineα
- Dactinomycinα
- Daunorubicinα
- Docetaxelα
- Doxorubicinα
- Etoposideα
- Fludarabineα
- Fluorouracilα
- Gemcitabineα
- Hydroxycarbamideα
- Ifosfamideα
- Irinotecanα
- Melphalanα
- Mercaptopurineα
- Methotrexateα
- Oxaliplatinα
- Paclitaxelα
- Pegaspargaseα[note 72]
- Procarbazineα
- Realgar Indigo naturalis formulationα
- Tioguanineα
- Vinblastineα
- Vincristineα
- Vinorelbineα
Targeted therapies
Immunomodulators
Hormones and antihormones
Supportive medicines
Medicines affecting the blood
Antianaemia medicines
Medicines affecting coagulation
Other medicines for haemoglobinopathies
Blood products of human origin and plasma substitutes
Human immunoglobulins
- Rho(D) immune globulin (anti-D immunoglobulin)
- Anti-rabies immunoglobulin
- Anti-tetanus immunoglobulin
- Normal immunoglobulinα
Blood coagulation factors
Plasma substitutes
Cardiovascular medicines
Antianginal medicines
Antiarrhythmic medicines
- Bisoprolol[note 88]
- Digoxin
- Epinephrine (adrenaline)
- Lidocaine
- Verapamil
- Amiodaroneα
Antihypertensive medicines
- Amlodipine[note 89]
- Bisoprolol[note 90]
- Enalapril[note 91]
- Hydralazine[note 92]
- Hydrochlorothiazide[note 93]
- Lisinopril/amlodipine (lisinopril + amlodipine)[note 94]
- Lisinopril/hydrochlorothiazide (lisinopril + hydrochlorothiazide)[note 95]
- Losartan[note 96]
- Methyldopa[note 97]
- Telmisartan/amlodipine (telmisartan + amlodipine)[note 98]
- Telmisartan/hydrochlorothiazide (telmisartan + hydrochlorothiazide)[note 99]
- Sodium nitroprussideα
Medicines used in heart failure
Anti-platelet medicines
- Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin)
- Clopidogrel
Thrombolytic medicines
Lipid-lowering agents
Dermatological medicines (topical)
Antifungal medicines
Anti-infective medicines
Anti-inflammatory and antipruritic medicines
Medicines affecting skin differentiation and proliferation
Scabicides and pediculicides
Diagnostic agents
Ophthalmic medicines
Radiocontrast media
Antiseptics and disinfectants
Antiseptics
Diuretics
Gastrointestinal medicines
Antiulcer medicines
Antiemetic medicines
Anti-inflammatory medicines
Laxatives
Medicines used in diarrhoea
- Oral rehydration salts + zinc sulfate (Co-packaged)
Oral rehydration
Medicines for diarrhea
Medicines for endocrine disorders
Adrenal hormones and synthetic substitutes
Androgens
Estrogens
No listings in this section.
Progestogens
Insulins
Oral hypoglycaemic agents
Thyroid hormones and antithyroid medicines
Immunologicals
Diagnostic agents
- Tuberculin, purified protein derivative (PPD)
Sera, immunoglobulins and monoclonal antibodies
- Anti-rabies virus monoclonal antibodies[note 72]
- Antivenom immunoglobulin[note 127]
- Diphtheria antitoxin
- Equine rabies immunoglobulin
Vaccines
Recommendations for all
- BCG vaccine
- Diphtheria vaccine
- Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine
- Hepatitis B vaccine
- Human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccine
- Measles vaccine
- Pertussis vaccine
- Pneumococcal vaccine
- Poliomyelitis vaccine
- Rotavirus vaccine
- Rubella vaccine
- Tetanus vaccine
Recommendations for certain regions
- Japanese encephalitis vaccine[note 128]
- Tick-borne encephalitis vaccine[note 128]
- Yellow fever vaccine[note 128]
Recommendations for some high-risk populations
- Cholera vaccine[note 129]
- Dengue vaccine[note 129]
- Hepatitis A vaccine[note 129]
- Meningococcal meningitis vaccine[note 129]
- Rabies vaccine[note 129]
- Typhoid vaccine[note 129]
Recommendations for immunization programmes with certain characteristics
Muscle relaxants (peripherally-acting) and cholinesterase inhibitors
Ophthalmological preparations
Anti-infective agents
Anti-inflammatory agents
Local anesthetics
Miotics and antiglaucoma medicines
Mydriatics
- Atropine[note 138]
- Epinephrine (adrenaline)α
Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)
Medicines for reproductive health and perinatal care
Oral hormonal contraceptives
Injectable hormonal contraceptives
Intrauterine devices
Barrier methods
Implantable contraceptives
Intravaginal contraceptives
Uterotonics
Antioxytocics (tocolytics)
Medicines administered to the mother
- Dexamethasone
- Multiple micronutrient supplement
- Tranexamic acid
Medicines administered to the neonate
Peritoneal dialysis solution
- Intraperitoneal dialysis solution (of appropriate composition)α
Medicines for mental and behavioural disorders
Medicines used in psychotic disorders
Medicines used in depressive disorders
Medicines used in bipolar disorders
- Carbamazepine
- Lithium carbonate
- Valproic acid (sodium valproate)[note 18]
Medicines for anxiety disorders
Medicines used for obsessive compulsive disorders
Medicines for disorders due to psychoactive substance use
Medicines acting on the respiratory tract
Antiasthmatics and medicines for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Solutions correcting water, electrolyte and acid-base disturbances
Parenteral
- Glucose
- Glucose with sodium chloride
- Potassium chloride
- Sodium chloride
- Sodium hydrogen carbonate
- Sodium lactate, compound solution (Ringer's lactate solution)
Miscellaneous
Vitamins and minerals
Ear, nose and throat medicines
Medicines for diseases of joints
Medicines used to treat gout
Disease-modifying agents used in rheumatoid disorders (DMARDs)
Juvenile joint diseases
- Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin)[note 155]
Dental preparations
Notes
An α indicates the medicine is on the complementary list for which specialized diagnostic or monitoring or training is needed. An item may also be listed as complementary on the basis of higher costs or a less attractive cost-benefit ratio.[4][14]
- Thiopental may be used as an alternative depending on local availability and cost.
- (For use in spinal anaesthesia during delivery, to prevent hypotension).
- No more than 30% oxygen should be used to initiate resuscitation of neonates less than or equal to 32 weeks of gestation.
- Not in children less than 3 months.
- Not recommended for anti‐inflammatory use due to lack of proven benefit to that effect.
- For the management of cancer pain
- Alternatives limited to hydromorphone and oxycodone
- For the management of cancer pain.
- Alternatives limited to dolasetron, granisetron, palonosetron, and tropisetron
- Alternatives limited to cetirizine and fexofenadine
- There may be a role for sedating antihistamines for limited indications (EMLc).
- Alternatives limited to prednisone
- For use as adjunctive therapy for treatment-resistant partial or generalized seizures.
- Alternatives limited to diazepam and midazolam
- For use in eclampsia and severe pre‐eclampsia and not for other convulsant disorders.
- For buccal administration when solution for oromucosal administration is not available.
- The presence of both 25 mg/5 mL and 30 mg/5 mL strengths on the same market would cause confusion in prescribing and dispensing and should be avoided.
- Avoid use in pregnancy and in women and girls of child-bearing potential, unless alternative treatments are ineffective or not tolerated because of the high risk of birth defects and developmental disorders in children exposed to valproate in the womb.
- Oxamniquine is listed for use when praziquantel treatment fails.
- > 1 month.
- Only for the presumptive treatment of epidemic meningitis in children older than two years and in adults.
- Alternatives limited to 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (J01CF Beta-lactamase resistant penicillins)
- cloxacillin, dicloxacillin and flucloxacillin are preferred for oral administration due to better bioavailability.
- Use in children <8 years only for life-threatening infections when no alternative exists.
- Procaine benzylpenicillin is not recommended as first-line treatment for neonatal sepsis except in settings with high neonatal mortality, when given by trained health workers in cases where hospital care is not achievable.
- Third-generation cephalosporin of choice for use in hospitalized neonates.
- Do not administer with calcium and avoid in infants with hyperbilirubinemia.
- > 41 weeks corrected gestational age.
- Erythromycin may be an alternative. For use in combination regimens for eradication of H. pylori in adults
- Imipenem/cilastatin is an alternative for complicated intraabdominal infections and high-risk febrile neutropenia only, except for acute bacterial meningitis in neonates, where meropenem is preferred
- For use only in patients with HIV receiving protease inhibitors
- For use only in combination with meropenem or imipenem/cilastatin
- ≥ 5 years
- Terizidone may be an alternative
- Prothionamide may be an alternative
- Imipenem/cilastatin may be an alternative
- For treatment of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis, histoplasmosis, sporotrichosis, paracoccidioidomycosis, mycoses caused by Talaromyces marneffei and chromoblastomycosis; and prophylaxis of histoplasmosis and infections caused by T. marneffei in AIDS patients.
- For treatment of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis and acute invasive aspergillosis.
- Alternatives limited to anidulafungin and caspofungin
- Alternatives limited to valaciclovir
- also indicated for pre-exposure prophylaxis.
- For use in pregnant women and in second-line regimens in accordance with WHO treatment guidelines.
- Alternatives limited to lamivudine (for emtricitabine)
- combination also indicated for pre-exposure prophylaxis
- For the treatment of viral haemorrhagic fevers
- For the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMVr).
- For severe illness due to confirmed or suspected influenza virus infection in critically ill hospitalized patients
- For the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMVr).
- Pangenotypic when used in combination with sofosbuvir
- Pangenotypic when used in combination with daclatasvir
- For the treatment of hepatitis C, in combination with direct acting anti-viral medicines
- To be used in combination with ribavirin
- Alternatives limited to tinidazole
- To be used in combination with artesunate 50 mg.
- For use in the management of severe malaria.
- Not recommended in the first trimester of pregnancy or in children below 5 kg.
- To be used in combination with either amodiaquine, mefloquine or sulfadoxine + pyrimethamine.
- Other combinations that deliver the target doses required such as 153 mg or 200 mg (as hydrochloride) with 50 mg artesunate can be alternatives.
- For use only for the treatment of Plasmodium vivax infection.
- For use only in combination with quinine.
- Only for use to achieve radical cure of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale infections, given for 14 days.
- For use only in the management of severe malaria, and should be used in combination with doxycycline.
- Only in combination with artesunate 50 mg.
- For use only in Central American regions, for Plasmodium vivax infections.
- For use only in combination with chloroquine.
- For the treatment of 1st and 2nd stage human African trypanosomiasis due to Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infection.
- To be used for the treatment of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infection.
- To be used for the treatment of the initial phase of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infection.
- To be used for the treatment of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infection
- Only to be used in combination with eflornithine, for the treatment of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infection.
- Certolizumab pegol, etanercept, golimumab and infliximab are alternatives, including quality-assured biosimilars
- Including quality-assured biosimilars
- Afatinib and gefitinib are alternatives
- Pembrolizumab is an alternative, including quality-assured biosimilars
- Alternatives limited to enzalutamide
- Alternatives limited to 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (L02BG Aromatase inhibitors)
- Alternatives limited to flutamide and nilutamide
- Alternatives limited to goserelin and triptorelin
- Alternatives limited to prednisone
- Alternatives limited to trihexyphenidyl
- Alternatives limited to benserazide (for carbidopa)
- periconceptual use for prevention of first occurrence of neural tube defects
- Alternatives limited to epoetin alfa, beta and theta, darbepoetin alfa, methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta, and their quality-assured biosimilars.
- Apixaban, edoxaban and rivaroxaban are alternatives
- Alternatives are limited to dalteparin and nadroparin, including their quality-assured biosimilars.
- Alternatives are limited to the oral form of deferasirox.
- Polygeline, injectable solution, 3.5% is considered an alternative.
- Includes carvedilol and metoprolol as alternatives
- Alternatives limited to 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C08CA Dihydropyridine derivatives)
- Includes atenolol, carvedilol, and metoprolol as alternatives. Atenolol should not be used as a first-line agent in uncomplicated hypertension in patients > 60 years.
- Alternatives limited to 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C09AA ACE inhibitors, plain)
- Hydralazine is listed for use in the acute management of severe pregnancy‐induced hypertension only. Its use in the treatment of essential hypertension is not recommended in view of the availability of more evidence of efficacy and safety of other medicines.
- Alternatives limited to chlorothiazide, chlorthalidone, and indapamide
- Alternatives limited to 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C09AA ACE inhibitors, plain) (for lisinopril) and 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C08CA Dihydropyridine derivatives) (for amlodipine)
- Alternatives limited to 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C09AA ACE inhibitors, plain) (for lisinopril) and chlorthalidone, chlorothiazide, indapamide (for hydrochlorothiazide)
- Alternatives limited to 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C09CA Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), plain)
- Methyldopa is listed for use only in the management of pregnancy-induced hypertension. Its use in the treatment of essential hypertension is not recommended in view of the evidence of greater efficacy and safety of other medicines.
- Alternatives limited to 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C09CA Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), plain) (for telmisartan) and 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C08CA Dihydropyridine derivatives) (for amlodipine)
- Alternatives limited to 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C09CA Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), plain) (for telmisartan) and chlorthalidone, chlorothiazide, indapamide (for hydrochlorothiazide)
- Alternatives limited to 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C09AA ACE inhibitors, plain)
- Alternatives limited to bumetanide and torasemide
- For use in high‐risk patients. Alternatives limited to atorvastatin, fluvastatin, lovastatin, and pravastatin
- Alternatives limited to 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (D01AC Imidazole and triazole derivatives) excluding combinations
- Alternatives limited to 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (D07AC Corticosteroids, potent (group III))
- Alternatives limited to 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (D07AA Corticosteroids, weak (group I))
- Alternatives limited to calcitriol and tacalcitol
- Alternatives limited to podophyllotoxin
- Alternatives limited to precipitated sulfur topical ointment
- Alternatives limited to atropine and cyclopentolate
- Alternatives limited to propanol
- Alternatives limited to iodine
- Alternatives limited to 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (D08AE Phenol and derivatives)
- Alternatives limited to bumetanide and torasemide
- Alternatives limited to chlorothiazide and chlorthalidone
- Alternatives limited to 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (A02BC Proton pump inhibitors) excluding combinations
- Alternatives limited to 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (A02BA H2-receptor antagonists) excluding combinations
- Alternatives limited to mesalazine
- Alternatives limited to bisacodyl
- In acute diarrhoea zinc sulfate should be used as an adjunct to oral rehydration salts.
- Alternatives limited to norethisterone
- Alternatives limited to insulin degludec, insulin detemir, and insulin glargine, including quality-assured biosimilars
- Alternatives limited to canagliflozin and dapagliflozin
- Glibenclamide not suitable above 60 years. Alternatives limited to 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (A10BB Sulfonylureas)
- Carbimazole is an alternative depending on local availability
- For use when alternative first-line treatment is not appropriate or available; and in patients during the first trimester of pregnancy.
- For use when alternative first-line treatment is not appropriate or available
- Exact type to be defined locally
- Recommended for certain regions
- Recommended for some high-risk populations
- Recommended only for immunization programmes with certain characteristics
- For infections due to Chlamydia trachomatis or Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
- Alternatives limited to amikacin, kanamycin, netilmicin, and tobramycin
- Alternatives limited to 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (S01AE Fluoroquinolones)
- Alternatives limited to chlortetracycline and oxytetracycline
- Alternatives limited to 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (S01HA Local anaesthetics) excluding cocaine and combinations
- Alternatives limited to carbachol
- Alternatives limited to 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (S01ED Beta blocking agents) excluding combinations
- Alternatives limited to cyclopentolate hydrochloride or homatropine hydrobromide only for the EMLc
- For use in women actively breastfeeding at least 4 times per day
- Alternatives limited to methylergometrine
- Where permitted under national law and where culturally acceptable.
- Only for use for induction of labour where appropriate facilities are available.
- Alternatives limited to indometacin
- Alternatives limited to prostaglandin E2
- Alternatives limited to risperidone injection
- Alternatives limited to citalopram, escitalopram, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, and sertraline
- Alternatives limited to buprenorphine. The medicines should only be used within an established support programme.
- Alternatives limited to beclometasone, ciclesonide, flunisolide, fluticasone, and mometasone
- Alternatives limited to beclometasone/formoterol, budesonide/salmeterol, fluticasone/formoterol, fluticasone furoate/vilanterol, and mometasone/formoterol
- Alternatives limited to terbutaline
- Alternatives limited to aclidinium, glycopyrronium, and umeclidinium
- Ergocalciferol can be used as an alternative.
- Colecalciferol can be used as an alternative.
- Alternatives limited to ofloxacin
- For use for rheumatic fever, juvenile arthritis, Kawasaki disease
References
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The current versions are the 21st WHO Essential Medicines List (EML) and the 7th WHO Essential Medicines List for Children (EMLc) updated in June 2019.
- Prakash B, Nadig P, Nayak A (2016). "Rational Prescription for a Dermatologist". Indian Journal of Dermatology. 61 (1): 32–38. doi:10.4103/0019-5154.174017. PMC 4763692. PMID 26955092.
- World Health Organization (2017). WHO model list of essential medicines, 20th list (March 2017, amended August 2017). Geneva. hdl:10665/273826.
- "Essential Medicines List and WHO Model Formulary". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 3 August 2008. Retrieved 5 May 2018.
- World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
- World Health Organization (2019). Executive summary: the selection and use of essential medicines 2019: report of the 22nd WHO Expert Committee on the selection and use of essential medicines. Geneva. hdl:10665/325773. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.05. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
- "Strengthening access to essential medicines". World Health Organization. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
- World Health Organization (2021). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 22nd list (2021). Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/345533. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2021.02.
- World Health Organization (2021). Executive summary: the selection and use of essential medicines 2021: report of the 23rd WHO Expert Committee on the selection and use of essential medicines: virtual meeting, 21 June–2 July 2021. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/345554. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2021.01.
- World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines for children: 7th list 2019. Geneva. hdl:10665/325772. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.07. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
- World Health Organization (2021). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines for children: 8th list (2021). Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/345534. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2021.03.
- Rose K, Anker JN (2010). Guide to Paediatric Drug Development and Clinical Research. Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers. p. 42. ISBN 9783805593625.
- Seyberth HW, Rane A, Schwab M (2011). Pediatric Clinical Pharmacology. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 358. ISBN 9783642201950.
- Hoppu K (June 2017). "Essential Medicines for Children". Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 101 (6): 718–720. doi:10.1002/cpt.661. PMID 28182281. S2CID 23873145.
- "The WHO Essential Medicines List Antibiotic Book". www.who.int. 24 November 2021. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
Further reading
- Serafini M, Cargnin S, Massarotti A, Pirali T, Genazzani AA (September 2020). "Essential Medicinal Chemistry of Essential Medicines". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 63 (18): 10170–10187. doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00415. PMC 8007110. PMID 32352778.
- World Health Organization (2009). Stuart MC, Kouimtzi M, Hill SR (eds.). WHO Model Formulary 2008. hdl:10665/44053. ISBN 9789241547659.
- World Health Organization (2015). The selection and use of essential medicines. Twentieth report of the WHO Expert Committee 2015 (including 19th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines and 5th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children). Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/189763. ISBN 9789240694941. ISSN 0512-3054. WHO technical report series; no. 994.
- World Health Organization (2017). The selection and use of essential medicines: report of the WHO Expert Committee, 2017 (including the 20th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines and the 6th Model List of Essential Medicines for Children). Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/259481. ISBN 978-92-4-121015-7. ISSN 0512-3054. WHO technical report series; no. 1006.
- World Health Organization (2019). The selection and use of essential medicines: report of the WHO Expert Committee on Selection and Use of Essential Medicines, 2019 (including the 21st WHO Model List of Essential Medicines and the 7th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children). Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/330668. ISBN 9789241210300. ISSN 0512-3054. WHO technical report series;1021.
- World Health Organization (2019). "Additions and deletions of medicines on the WHO model lists of essential medicines: 1977–2017". hdl:10665/278038. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.01. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
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