Cilostazol

Cilostazol
Names
Pronunciation/sɪˈlɒstəzɒl/
sil-OS-tə-zol
Trade namesPletal
IUPAC name
  • 6-[4-(1-Cyclohexyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)butoxy]-
    3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-quinolinone
Clinical data
Drug classPhosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor[1]
Main usesIntermittent claudication in peripheral vascular disease[1]
Side effectsHeadache, diarrhea, dizziness, cough[1]
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Pregnancy
category
  • US: C (Risk not ruled out)
    Routes of
    use    		By mouth (tablets)
    Defined daily dose200 mg[2]
    External links
    AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
    MedlinePlusa601038
    Legal
    License data
    Legal status
    • AU: S4 (Prescription only)
    • UK: POM (Prescription only)
    • US: ℞-only
    Pharmacokinetics
    Protein binding95–98%
    MetabolismLiver (CYP3A4- and CYP2C19-mediated)
    Elimination half-life11–13 hours
    ExcretionKidney
    Chemical and physical data
    FormulaC20H27N5O2
    Molar mass369.469 g·mol−1
    3D model (JSmol)
    SMILES
    • O=C4Nc3c(cc(OCCCCc1nnnn1C2CCCCC2)cc3)CC4
    InChI
    • InChI=1S/C20H27N5O2/c26-20-12-9-15-14-17(10-11-18(15)21-20)27-13-5-4-8-19-22-23-24-25(19)16-6-2-1-3-7-16/h10-11,14,16H,1-9,12-13H2,(H,21,26) checkY
    • Key:RRGUKTPIGVIEKM-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY

    Cilostazol, sold under the brand name Pletal among others, is a medication used to help the symptoms of intermittent claudication in peripheral vascular disease.[1] If no improvement is seen after 3 months, stopping the medication is reasonable.[3] It may also be used to prevent stroke.[1] It is taken by mouth.[1]

    Common side effects include headache, diarrhea, dizziness, and cough.[1] Serious side effects may include decreased survival in those with heart failure, low platelets, and low white blood cells.[1] Cilostazol is a phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor which works by inhibiting platelet aggregation and dilating arteries.[1]

    Cilostazol was approved for medical use in the United States in 1999.[1] It is available as a generic medication.[3] A month supply in the United Kingdom costs the NHS about 5 £ as of 2019.[3] In the United States the wholesale cost of this amount is about US$6.20.[4] In 2017, it was the 301st most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than one million prescriptions.[5]

    Medical uses

    Cilostazol is approved for the treatment of intermittent claudication in the United States.[1] Such use however is not recommended in the United Kingdom.[3]

    Cilostazol is also used for secondary stroke prevention,[1] though to date no regulatory body has approved it specifically for that indication.

    Heart failure

    Cilostazol is dangerous for people with severe heart failure. Cilostazol has been studied in people without heart failure, without evidence of harm, but much more data would be needed to determine no risk exists. Although cilostazol would not be approvable for a trivial condition the Cardio-Renal Advisory Committee and FDA concluded that fully informed patients and physicians should be able to choose to use it to treat intermittent claudication. Patient and physician labeling will describe the basis for concern and the incomplete information available.[6]

    Dosage

    The defined daily dose is 200 mg by mouth.[2]

    Side effects

    Possible side effects of cilostazol use include headache (the most common), diarrhea, severe heat intolerance, abnormal stools, increased heart rate, and palpitations.[7]

    Interactions

    Cilostazol is metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2C19, two isoenzymes of the cytochrome P450 system. Drugs that inhibit CYP3A4, such as itraconazole, erythromycin, ketoconazole, and diltiazem, are known to interact with cilostazol. The proton pump inhibitor omeprazole, an inhibitor of CYP2C19, increases exposure to the active metabolite of cilostazol.[7][8]

    A single report has been made of grapefruit juice possibly increasing the effects of cilostazol;[9] some drug information sources list this as a possible interaction.[10][11][12] The FDA-approved labeling of cilostazol notes that grapefruit juice (which is a CYP3A4 inhibitor) increases the drug's maximum concentration by around 50%.[7]

    Mechanism

    Cilostazol is a selective inhibitor of phosphodiesterase type 3 (PDE3) with therapeutic focus on increasing cAMP. An increase in cAMP results in an increase in the active form of protein kinase A (PKA), which is directly related with an inhibition in platelet aggregation. PKA also prevents the activation of an enzyme (myosin light-chain kinase) that is important in the contraction of smooth muscle cells, thereby exerting its vasodilatory effect.

    Society and culture

    Cost

    A month supply in the United Kingdom costs the NHS about 5 £ as of 2019.[3] In the United States the wholesale cost of this amount is about US$6.20.[4] In 2017, it was the 301st most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than one million prescriptions.[5]

    • Cilostazol costs (US)
      Cilostazol costs (US)
    • Cilostazol prescriptions (US)
      Cilostazol prescriptions (US)

    References

    1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 "Cilostazol Monograph for Professionals". Drugs.com. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 31 December 2019. Retrieved 23 March 2019.
    2. 1 2 "WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index". www.whocc.no. Archived from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
    3. 1 2 3 4 5 British national formulary : BNF 76 (76 ed.). Pharmaceutical Press. 2018. pp. 231–232. ISBN 9780857113382.
    4. 1 2 "NADAC as of 2019-02-27". Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Archived from the original on 2019-03-06. Retrieved 3 March 2019.
    5. 1 2 "Cilostazol - Drug Usage Statistics". ClinCalc. Archived from the original on 19 June 2020. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
    6. ↑ Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (August 11, 1999). "Approval of Cilostazol". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Archived from the original on 2007-04-27. Retrieved 2007-04-30.
    7. 1 2 3 "Cilostazol: Official FDA information, side effects and uses". Drugs.com. February 2008. Archived from the original on 2008-07-26. Retrieved 2008-09-22.
    8. ↑ FDA. "Drug Development and Drug Interactions: Table of Substrates, Inhibitors and Inducers". Archived from the original on 2020-11-04. Retrieved 2020-03-25.
    9. ↑ Taniguchi K, Ohtani H, Ikemoto T, Miki A, Hori S, Sawada Y (October 2007). "Possible case of potentiation of the antiplatelet effect of cilostazol by grapefruit juice". Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics. 32 (5): 457–9. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2710.2007.00844.x. PMID 17875111.
    10. ↑ "Cilostazol for peripheral arterial disease". Yahoo! Health. Archived from the original on 2009-10-01. Retrieved 2008-09-21.
    11. ↑ "Cilostazol". MedicineNet.com. May 25, 1999. Archived from the original on 2008-09-22. Retrieved 2008-09-22.
    12. ↑ Cerner-Multum, Inc. (November 29, 2007). "Consumer Drug Information: Cilostazol". Drugs.com. Archived from the original on 2008-07-25. Retrieved 2008-09-22.
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