Cisatracurium
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| Names | |
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| Trade names | Nimbex, others |
| Other names | Cisatracurium besilate, cisatracurium besylate, 51W89, cisatracurium besylate (USAN US) |
IUPAC name
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| Clinical data | |
| Drug class | Neuromuscular blocking agent (non-depolarizing)[1] |
| Main uses | Help with endotracheal intubation, surgery, or mechanical ventilation[1] |
| Side effects | Slow heart rate[2] |
| WHO AWaRe | UnlinkedWikibase error: ⧼unlinkedwikibase-error-statements-entity-not-set⧽ |
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| Routes of use | Intravenous |
| External links | |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
| Legal | |
| License data | |
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| Pharmacokinetics | |
| Bioavailability | 100% (IV) |
| Metabolism | 80% Hofmann degradation / liver |
| Elimination half-life | 20–29 minutes |
| Excretion | 10-15% unchanged |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C65H82N2O18S2 |
| Molar mass | 1243.49 g·mol−1 |
| 3D model (JSmol) | |
SMILES
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Cisatracurium, sold under the brand name Nimbex among others, is a medication used to help with endotracheal intubation and during surgery or mechanical ventilation.[1][3] It is given by injection into a vein.[2] It has intermediate onset and duration of action.[2][1]
Common side effects include a slow heart rate.[2] Other side effects may include allergic reactions, prolonged muscle weakness, and seizures.[1] The dose does not need to be adjusted for liver or kidney problems.[1] It is a neuromuscular blocking agent of the non-depolarizing type.[1] It results in skeletal muscle relaxation.[1]
Cisatracurium was approved for medical use in the United States in 1995.[1] It is available as a generic medication.[2] In the United Kingdom a 20 mg vial costs the NHS about £8 as of 2021.[2] This amount in the United States is about 25 USD.[4]
Medical uses
Dosage
It is often given as an initial dose of 150 micrograms/kg followed by a dose of 180 micrograms/kg/hour.[2]
Side effects
Histamine release
Hypotension, reflex tachycardia and cutaneous flush
Bronchospasm
To date, cisatracurium has not been reported to elicit bronchospasm at doses that are clinically prescribed.
Seizures
Cisatracurium undergoes Hofmann elimination as a primary route of chemodegradation: consequently one of the metabolites from this process is laudanosine, a tertiary amino alkaloid reported to be a modest CNS stimulant with epileptogenic activity[5] and cardiovascular effects such as low blood pressure and a slowed heart rate.[6] As a tertiary amine, Laudanosine is unionised and readily crosses the blood–brain barrier. Presently, there is little evidence that laudanosine accumulation and related toxicity will likely ever be seen with the doses of cisatracurium that are administered in clinical practice especially given that the plasma concentrations of laudanosine generated are lower with cisatracurium than those seen with atracurium.[6]
Pharmacology
It is a bisbenzyltetrahydroisoquinolinium . Cisatracurium is one of the ten isomers of the parent molecule, atracurium.[7] Moreover, cisatracurium represents approximately 15% of the atracurium mixture.[8]
In vitro studies using human plasma indicated that cisatracurium spontaneously degrades at physiological pH via Hofmann elimination to yield laudanosine and the quaternary monoacrylate. Subsequent ester hydrolysis of the monoacrylate generates the monoquaternary alcohol, although the rate-limiting step is Hofmann elimination.[8] In rat plasma, cisatracurium is also metabolized by non-specific carboxylesterases (a rate-limiting step) to the monoquaternary alcohol and the monoquaternary acid.[8]
As is evident with the parent molecule, atracurium,[9][10] cisatracurium is also susceptible to degradation by Hofmann elimination and ester hydrolysis as components of the in vivo metabolic processes. See the atracurium page for information on Hofmann elimination in vivo versus the Hofmann degradation chemical reaction.
Because Hofmann elimination is a temperature- and plasma pH-dependent process, cisatracurium's rate of degradation in vivo is highly influenced by body pH and temperature just as it is with the parent molecule, atracurium: thus, an increase in body pH favors the elimination process, whereas a decrease in temperature slows down the process.
One of the metabolites of cisatracurium via Hofmann elimination is laudanosine – see the atracurium page for further discussion of the issue regarding this metabolite. 80% of cisatracurium is metabolized eventually to laudanosine and 20% is metabolized hepatically or excreted renally. 10-15% of the dose is excreted unchanged in the urine.
Since Hofmann elimination is an organ-independent chemodegradative mechanism, there is little or no risk to the use of cisatracurium in patients with liver or renal disease when compared with other neuromuscular-blocking agents.[11]
The two reverse ester linkages in the bridge between the two isoquinolinium groups make atracurium and cisatracurium poor targets for plasma cholinesterase, unlike mivacurium which has two conventional ester linkages.
History
The generic name cisatracurium was conceived by scientists at Burroughs Wellcome Co. (now part of GlaxoSmithKline) by combining the name "atracurium" with "cis" [hence cisatracurium] because the molecule is one of the three cis-cis isomers comprising the ten isomers of the parent, atracurium.[7] Atracurium itself was invented at Strathclyde University and licensed to Burroughs Wellcome Co., Research Triangle Park, NC, for further development and subsequent marketing as Tracrium. As the secondary pharmacology of atracurium was being developed, it became clear that the primary clinical disadvantage of atracurium was likely to be its propensity to elicit histamine release. To address this issue, a program was initiated to investigate the individual isomer constituents of atracurium to identify and isolate the isomer(s) associated with the undesirable histamine effects as well as identify the isomer that might possibly retain the desirable properties without the histamine release. Thus, in 1989, D A Hill and G L Turner, PhD (both chemists at Burroughs Wellcome Co., Dartford, UK) first synthesized cisatracurium as an individual isomer molecule. The pharmacological research of cisatracurium and the other individual isomers[12] was then developed further primarily by R. Brandt Maehr and William B. Wastila, PhD (both of whom were pharmacologists within the Division of Pharmacology at Burroughs Wellcome Co.) in collaboration with John J. Savarese MD (who at the time was an anesthesiologist in the Dept. of Anesthesia, Harvard Medical School at the Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA). Thereafter, the entire clinical development of cisatracurium was completed in a record short period from 1992 to 1994: the team of scientists was led by J. Neal Weakly PhD, Martha M. Abou-Donia PhD, and Steve Quessy PhD, in the Division of Clinical Neurosciences at Burroughs Wellcome Co., Research Triangle Park, NC. By the time of its approval for human use, in 1995, by the US Food and Drug Administration, Burroughs Wellcome Co. had merged with Glaxo Inc., and cisatracurium was approved to be marketed as Nimbex by GlaxoWellcome Inc. The trade name "Nimbex" was derived from inserting an "i" to the original proposal "Nmbex," which stood for excellent Neuromuscular blocker.
Research
A recent study showed that cisatracurium pretreatment effectively decreases the incidence and severity of pain induced by propofol general anaesthesia. [13] Another study showed that hiccups accompanied by vomiting, insomnia, shortness of breath can also be relieved by the nondepolarizing muscle relaxant, cisatracurium, during total intravenous anesthesia.[14]
Synthesis
Treatment of 1,5-Pentanediol with 3-bromopropionyl chloride gives the corresponding ester; dehydrohalogenation of the ester with triethylamine then gives the bis-acrylate (2). Reaction of that unsaturated ester with tetrahydropapaverine[16][17] (3) leads to conjugate addition of the secondary amine and formation of the intermediate (4). Alkylation with methyl benzenesulfonate forms the bis-quaternary salt, affording cisatracuronium (5).
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Cisatracurium Monograph for Professionals". Drugs.com. Archived from the original on 23 January 2021. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 BNF 81: March-September 2021. BMJ Group and the Pharmaceutical Press. 2021. p. 1390. ISBN 978-0857114105.
- ↑ "DailyMed - CISATRACURIUM BESYLATE injection". dailymed.nlm.nih.gov. Archived from the original on 28 March 2021. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
- ↑ "Cisatracurium Prices, Coupons & Patient Assistance Programs". Drugs.com. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
- ↑ Standaert FG (Dec 1985). "Magic bullets, science, and medicine". Anesthesiology. 63 (6): 577–578. doi:10.1097/00000542-198512000-00002. PMID 2932980.
- 1 2 Fodale V, Santamaria LB (Jul 2002). "Laudanosine, an atracurium and cisatracurium metabolite". Eur J Anaesthesiol. 19 (7): 466–473. doi:10.1017/s0265021502000777. PMID 12113608.
- 1 2 Stenlake JB, Waigh RD, Dewar GH, Dhar NC, Hughes R, Chapple DJ, Lindon JC, Ferrige AG (1984). "Biodegradable neuromuscular blocking agents. Part 6. Stereochemical studies on atracurium and related polyalkylene di-esters". Eur J Med Chem. 19 (5): 441–450.
- 1 2 3 Dear GJ, Harrelson JC, Jones AE, Johnson TE, Pleasance S (1995). "Identification of urinary and biliary conjugated metabolites of the neuromuscular blocker 51W89 by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry". Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 9 (14): 1457–1464. doi:10.1002/rcm.1290091425. PMID 8534894.
- ↑ Stiller RL, Cook DR, Chakravorti S (1985). "In vitro degradation of atracurium in human plasma". Br J Anaesth. 57 (11): 1085–1088. doi:10.1093/bja/57.11.1085. PMID 3840382.
- ↑ Nigrovic V, Fox JL (1991). "Atracurium decay and the formation of laudanosine in humans". Anesthesiology. 74 (3): 446–454. doi:10.1097/00000542-199103000-00010. PMID 2001023.
- ↑ Katzung, Bertram G. (2011). Basic and clinical pharmacology (12th ed.). New York: Mcgraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-176401-8.
- ↑ Wastila WB, Maehr RB, Turner GL, Hill DA, Savarese JJ (Jul 1996). "Comparative pharmacology of cisatracurium (51W89), atracurium, and five isomers in cats". Anesthesiology. 85 (1): 169–177. doi:10.1097/00000542-199607000-00023. PMID 8694363. S2CID 23963554.
- ↑ Kim YH (Apr 2014). "Cisatracurium pretreatment with tourniquet reduces propofol injection pain: a double-blind randomized controlled trial." J Int Med Res. 42 (2): 360–7. doi:10.1177/0300060514522602. PMID 24573971.
- ↑ Wu JP, An JX, Qian XY, Wang Y. Successful Treatment of Idiopathic Intractable Hiccup With Cisatracurium Under Intravenous General Anesthesia: A Case Report. A A Pract. 2018;10(7):171‐172. doi:10.1213/XAA.0000000000000651
- ↑ D. A. Hill, G. L. Turner U.S. Patent 5,453,510 (1995).
- ↑ Schmidt, Andreas (2003). "Heterocyclic Mesomeric Betaines and Analogs in Natural Product Chemistry. Betainic Alkaloids and Nucleobases". Advances in Heterocyclic Chemistry Volume 85. Advances in Heterocyclic Chemistry. Vol. 85. pp. 67–171. doi:10.1016/S0065-2725(03)85002-X. ISBN 978-0-12-020785-5.
- ↑ Chandra, Ramesh; Kaur, Jaskiran; Talwar, Anita; Ghosh, Narendra N. (2001). "Synthesis and antispasmodic effect of aryl substituted N-carbamoyl/thiocarbamoyl isoquinolines". Arkivoc. 2001 (8): 129–135. doi:10.3998/ark.5550190.0002.814.
External links
| Identifiers: |
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- "Cisatracurium besylate". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Archived from the original on 2021-06-18. Retrieved 2021-08-16.