皇

皇 (radical 106, 白+4, 9 strokes, cangjie input 竹日一土 (HAMG), four-corner 2610₄, composition ⿱白王)

• 喤, 堭, 媓, 崲, 徨, 惶, 揘, 湟, 隍, 𣈷, 楻, 煌, 瑝, 遑, 䄓, 䅣, 䊗, 𬗬, 艎, 蝗, 諻(𬤍), 䞹, 鍠(锽), 韹, 䬖, 餭(𫗮), 騜(𫘩), 鰉(鳇), 䑟, 皝, 皩, 䳨(𬸛), 葟, 篁, 凰, 𡈁, 㾮

Wikidata

• KangXi: page 786, character 14
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 22701
• Dae Jaweon: page 1201, character 14
• Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 4, page 2645, character 1
• Unihan data for U+7687

Pictogram (象形) ― a lit oil lamp. The derivative 煌 (OC *ɡʷaːŋ) refers to the original word. Later developed into a Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ɡʷaːŋ) : semantic 白 (“flame”) + phonetic 王 (OC *ɢʷaŋ, *ɢʷaŋs).

Boodberg (1980) proposes a connection with 王 (OC *ɢʷaŋ, *ɢʷaŋs) "king" (see there for more information).

皇

1. magnificent
2. emperor; sovereign; ruler; superior
3. royal; imperial; august
4. A surname​.

(grade 6 “Kyōiku” kanji)

1. emperor

• Go-on: おう (ō, Jōyō)^{←わう (wau, historical)}
• Kan-on: こう (kō, Jōyō)^{←くわう (kwau, historical)}
• Kun: おお (ō, 皇); かみ (kami, 皇); きみ (kimi, 皇); すべ (sube, 皇); すべら (subera, 皇); すべらぎ (suberagi, 皇); すべろぎ (suberogi, 皇); すめ (sume, 皇); すめら (sumera, 皇); すめらぎ (sumeragi, 皇); み (mi, 皇)
• Nanori: おうじ (ōji); み (mi)

⟨sume₁⟩ → /sume/ → /sube/

From Old Japanese, as a shift from older sume.[1]

Previously thought to be derived as the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, stem or continuative form) of Old Japanese verb 統ぶ (subu), modern 統べる (suberu, “to control, to govern, to rule”). However, later research into ancient phonetic spellings clarified that the be portion of the verb was realized as ⟨be₂⟩. During the Old Japanese stage, ⟨be₂⟩ could only have derived phonetically from ⟨me₂⟩, and not from the ⟨me₁⟩ syllable of the noun.[1]

• Kun’yomi
  • IPA^(key): [sɨᵝbe̞]
• The pitch accent is determined by the entire prefixed term.

皇 (hiragana すべ, rōmaji sube-)

1. (archaic) prefix expressing praise and respect, usually towards Shinto deities or the Emperor of Japan
   1. divine, godly, heavenly
   2. imperial, royal

• 皇神 (すべがみ) (subekami, subegami)

⟨sume₁⟩ → /sume/

From Old Japanese. Appears to be the older form.[1]

• Kun’yomi
  • IPA^(key): [sɨᵝme̞]
• The pitch accent is determined by the entire prefixed term.

皇 (hiragana すめ, rōmaji sume-)

1. (archaic) prefix expressing praise and respect, usually towards Shinto deities or the Emperor of Japan
   1. divine, godly, heavenly
   2. imperial, royal

From the prefix 皇 (sube-, see above) + 等 (-ra, nominalizing and pluralizing suffix).

• Kun’yomi
  • IPA^(key): [sɨᵝbe̞ɾa̠]
• The pitch accent is determined by the entire prefixed term.

皇 (hiragana すべら, rōmaji subera-)

1. (archaic) prefix expressing praise and respect, usually towards the Emperor of Japan
   1. divine, godly, heavenly
   2. imperial, royal

From the prefix 皇 (sume-, see above) + 等 (-ra, nominalizing and pluralizing suffix).

• Kun’yomi
  • IPA^(key): [sɨᵝme̞ɾa̠]
• The pitch accent is determined by the entire prefixed term.

皇 (hiragana すめら, rōmaji sumera-)

1. (archaic) prefix expressing praise and respect, usually towards the Emperor of Japan
   1. divine, godly, heavenly
   2. imperial, royal

皇 (hiragana すめら, rōmaji Sumera)

1. a female given name

From 天皇 (suberagi, archaic term for the Emperor of Japan, literally "heavenly sovereign"), without the connotation of "divine, godly, heavenly". Found mainly in compounds. (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)

• Kun’yomi
  • IPA^(key): [sɨᵝbe̞ɾa̠ɡʲi]

皇 (hiragana すべらぎ, rōmaji suberagi)

1. (archaic) a form of title or address to a person highest in rank (akin to the Emperor of Japan) (Can we verify⁽⁺⁾ this sense?)

From 天皇 (sumeragi, archaic term for the Emperor of Japan, literally "heavenly sovereign"), without the connotation of "divine, godly, heavenly". (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)

• Kun’yomi
  • IPA^(key): [sɨᵝme̞ɾa̠ɡʲi]

皇 (hiragana すめらぎ, rōmaji sumeragi)

1. (archaic) a form of title or address to a person highest in rank (akin to the Emperor of Japan) (Can we verify⁽⁺⁾ this sense?)

皇 (hiragana すめらぎ, rōmaji Sumeragi)

1. a female given name
2. a surname​.

From Middle Chinese 皇 (MC ɦwɑŋ).

The kan'on pronunciation, so likely a later borrowing.

• On’yomi: Kan’on
  • IPA^(key): [ko̞ː]

皇 (hiragana こう, rōmaji kō, historical hiragana くわう)

1. emperor; ruler
2. tenno (Japanese emperor)
3. of Japan

From Middle Chinese 皇 (MC ɦwɑŋ).

The goon pronunciation, so likely the initial borrowing.

• On’yomi: Goon
  • IPA^(key): [o̞ː]

皇 (hiragana おう, rōmaji ō, historical hiragana わう)

1. emperor; ruler
2. tenno (Japanese emperor)

Various nanori readings.

皇 (hiragana きみ, rōmaji Kimi)

1. a female given name

皇 (hiragana きらり, rōmaji Kirari)

1. a female given name

皇 (hiragana こう, rōmaji Kō)

1. a unisex given name

皇 (hiragana ただす, rōmaji Tadasu)

1. a unisex given name

皇 (hiragana みゆき, rōmaji Miyuki)

1. a female given name

皇 (eumhun 임금 황 (imgeum hwang))

1. Hanja form^? of 황 (“king; monarch; ruler”).

皇 (eumhun 엄숙할 왕 (eomsukhal wang))

1. (archaic) Hanja form^? of 왕 (“to be solemn”).
   • 1567, 선조소경대왕실록 (宣祖昭敬大王實錄), 즉위년 십월 (卽位年 十月):

     卿之下去, 適在皇皇罔極之中, 未及察之。

     경지하거, 적재왕왕망극지중, 미급찰지. (Gyeongjihageo, jeokjaewang-wangmanggeukjijung, migeupchalji.)

     The noble official descended, heads towards solemnness that is boundless in the middle, not able to investigate it.

皇: Hán Việt readings: hoàng (胡(hồ)光(quang)切(thiết))[1][2][3][4], huỳnh[3][4]
皇: Nôm readings: hoàng[1][3][5], huỳnh[3]

1. Hán tự form of hoàng (“emperor”).