Oculocerebrorenal syndrome

Oculocerebrorenal syndrome
Other names: Lowe syndrome
Oculocerebrorenal syndrome is X-linked recessive.
SymptomsCataracts[1]
CausesMutations in OCRL gene[1]
Diagnostic methodMRI, urinalysis[2]
TreatmentPhysical therapy, clomipramine[3]

Oculocerebrorenal syndrome (also called Lowe syndrome) is a rare X-linked recessive disorder characterized by congenital cataracts, hypotonia, intellectual disability, proximal tubular acidosis, aminoaciduria and low-molecular-weight proteinuria. Lowe syndrome can be considered a cause of Fanconi syndrome (bicarbonaturia, renal tubular acidosis, potassium loss and sodium loss[4]).[5][6]

Signs and symptoms

Oculocerebrorenal syndrome (Lowe syndrome)-physical characteristics

Boys with Lowe syndrome are born with cataracts in both eyes; glaucoma is present in about half of the individuals with Lowe syndrome, though usually not at birth. While not present at birth, kidney problems develop in many affected boys at about one year of age.[1] Renal pathology is characterized by an abnormal loss of certain substances into the urine, including bicarbonate, sodium, potassium, amino acids, organic acids, albumin, calcium and L-carnitine. This problem is known as Fanconi-type renal tubular dysfunction. Further physical characteristics are:[7]

  • Lazy eye
  • Absent tendon reflexes
  • Fair skin
  • Joint hyperflexibility
  • Joint swelling
  • Long face
  • Clouding lens of eyes
  • Elevated urine calcium levels
  • Intellectual disability
  • Involuntary,rhythmic eye movements
  • Decreased body height
  • Joint inflammation
  • Cryptorchidism
  • Faltering weight

Genetics

Fibroblasts

This syndrome is caused by mutations in the OCRL gene which encodes an inositol polyphosphate-5-phosphatase. At least one mechanism by which these mutations cause this syndrome is by loss of its Rab-binding domain.[8][9]

This protein is associated with the primary cilia of the retinal pigment epithelial cells, fibroblasts and kidney tubular cells. This suggests that this syndrome is due to dysfunction of the cilia in these cells.[9] About 120 mutations are associated with this condition and OCRL gene which is associated with oculocerebrorenal syndrome[10]


Diagnosis

Diagnosis of oculocerebrorenal syndrome can be done via genetic testing[11] Among the different investigations that can de done are:[2]

Treatment

Potassium citrate

In terms of treatment of oculocerebrorenal syndrome for those individuals who are affected by this condition includes the following:[3]

Epidemiology

Because oculocerebrorenal syndrome is an X-linked recessive condition, the disease develops mostly in men with very rare occurrences in women, while women are carriers of the disease; it has an estimated prevalence of 1 in 500,000 people.[12]

History

It was first described in 1952 by American paediatrician Charles Upton Lowe (August 24, 1921 – February 9, 2012)[13][14] and colleagues at the Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston.[15] Because of the three major organ systems involved (eyes, brain and kidney), it is known as oculocerebrorenal syndrome.[1]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "Oculocerebrorenal Syndrome: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology". 2016-06-01. Archived from the original on 2019-05-01. Retrieved 2021-04-14. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  2. 1 2 "Lowe's (Oculo-Cerebro-Renal) Syndrome | Doctor | Patient". Patient. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 21 December 2016.
  3. 1 2 RESERVED, INSERM US14 -- ALL RIGHTS. "Orphanet: Oculocerebrorenal syndrome of Lowe". www.orpha.net. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 21 December 2016.
  4. ↑ "Fanconi syndrome: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". medlineplus.gov. Archived from the original on 2019-07-27. Retrieved 2016-12-21.
  5. ↑ Lewis, Richard Alan; Nussbaum, Robert L.; Brewer, Eileen D. (1993-01-01). "Lowe Syndrome". In Pagon, Roberta A.; Adam, Margaret P.; Ardinger, Holly H.; Wallace, Stephanie E.; Amemiya, Anne; Bean, Lora J.H.; Bird, Thomas D.; Fong, Chin-To; Mefford, Heather C. (eds.). GeneReviews. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle. PMID 20301653. Archived from the original on 2020-09-29. Retrieved 2021-04-14.update 2012
  6. ↑ "OMIM Entry - # 309000 - LOWE OCULOCEREBRORENAL SYNDROME; OCRL". omim.org. Archived from the original on 8 October 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2016.
  7. ↑ "Lowe oculocerebrorenal syndrome | Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) – an NCATS Program". rarediseases.info.nih.gov. Archived from the original on 18 March 2021. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
  8. ↑ Hagemann, Nina; Hou, Xiaomin; Goody, Roger S.; Itzen, Aymelt; Erdmann, Kai S. (2017-06-01). "Crystal structure of the Rab binding domain of OCRL1 in complex with Rab8 and functional implications of the OCRL1/Rab8 module for Lowe syndrome". Small GTPases. 3 (2): 107–110. doi:10.4161/sgtp.19380. ISSN 2154-1256. PMID 22790198.
  9. 1 2 Reference, Genetics Home. "Lowe syndrome". Genetics Home Reference. Archived from the original on 4 December 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2016.
  10. ↑ Reference, Genetics Home. "OCRL gene". Genetics Home Reference. Archived from the original on 22 April 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2016.
  11. ↑ "Lowe syndrome - Conditions - GTR - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Archived from the original on 30 January 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2016.
  12. ↑ Loi M (2006). "Lowe Syndrome". Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases. 1: 16. doi:10.1186/1750-1172-1-16. PMC 1526415. PMID 16722554.
  13. ↑ Kelly, Evelyn B. (2013). Encyclopedia of human genetics and disease. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Greenwood. ISBN 9780313387142. Archived from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2016.
  14. ↑ Loring, David W.; Bowden, Stephen (2015). INS Dictionary of Neuropsychology and Clinical Neurosciences. Oxford University Press, Incorporated. ISBN 9780195366457. Archived from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2016.
  15. ↑ Lowe CU, Terrey M, MacLachlan EA (1952). "Organic-aciduria, decreased renal ammonia production, hydrophthalmos, and mental retardation; a clinical entity". American Journal of Diseases of Children. 83 (2): 164–84. doi:10.1001/archpedi.1952.02040060030004. PMID 14884753.

Further reading

Classification
External resources
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