im
Translingual
Alternative forms
- (roman numeral): IM, CMXCIX, cmxcix
Albanian
Declension
There are also alternative forms which can be used before the noun (which will be in the indefinite state, while the forms used after the noun require the noun to be definite). These forms are restricted to personal relationships like family members, for example:
- im vëlla (“my brother”), ime motër (“my sister”)
These forms are limited to singulars.
Degenan
Further reading
- John Carter, Katie Carter, John Grummitt, Bonnie MacKenzie, Janell Masters, A Sociolinguistic Survey of the Mur Village Vernaculars (2012)
German
Etymology
Contraction.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ɪm/
audio (file)
Usage notes
- The contraction im is obligatory when the definite article has no deixis whatsoever. In this case it is ungrammatical to use in dem as separate words:
- Wir sitzen im Garten. ― We're sitting in the garden.
- Er arbeitet im technischen Bereich. ― He works in the technical field.
- On the other hand, im is usually not applicable when the definite article has an indicative function. This includes contexts in which English would use a demonstrative pronoun (“this” or “that”) but also some others. Particularly, in dem is used before a defining relative clause.
- In dem Haus haben wir mal gewohnt. ― We used to live in that house [over there].
- Mein Großvater starb in dem Haus, wo ich geboren wurde. ― My grandfather died in the house where I was born.
Declension
The preposition in can be used with both accusative and dative objects, but it only contracts with dem as im and with das as ins. Thus, the combination of in with the definite article has the following forms:
masculine | neuter | feminine | plural | |
---|---|---|---|---|
accusative | in den | ins | in die | in die |
dative | im | im | in der | in den |
Gothic
Irish
Etymology 1
From Old Irish imb, from Proto-Celtic *emban- (compare Welsh ymenyn), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃engʷen- (compare Latin unguen (“grease”), Old High German ancho (“butter”)).
Pronunciation

Noun
im m (genitive singular ime, nominative plural imeanna)
- butter
- 1906, E. C. Quiggin, “Áindrías an Ime”, in A Dialect of Donegal: Being the Speech of Meenawannia in the Parish of Glenties, page 197:
- Seachtmhain roimhe Shamhain chuaidh an Seónstanach siar ⁊ seacht ngearráin ⁊ péire cliabh air ghach gearrán fá choinne a chuid ime.
- A week before Samhain, Johnstone went back with seven geldings and a pair of panniers on each gelding for his butter.
-
Declension
Derived terms
- saill ime (“butterfat”)
- uachtar ime (“buttercream”)
Alternative forms
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ɪmˠ/
Contraction
im (triggers lenition)
Related terms
Basic form | Contracted with | Copular forms | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
an (“the sg”) | na (“the pl”) | mo (“my”) | do (“your”) | a (“his, her, their; which (present)”) | ár (“our”) | ar (“which (past)”) | (before consonant) | (present/future before vowel) | (past/conditional before vowel) | |
de (“from”) | den | de na desna* | de mo dem* | de do ded*, det* | dá | dár | dar | darb | darbh | |
do (“to, for”) | don | do na dosna* | do mo dom* | do do dod*, dot* | dá | dár | dar | darb | darbh | |
faoi (“under, about”) | faoin | faoi na | faoi mo | faoi do | faoina | faoinár | faoinar | faoinarb | faoinarbh | |
fara (“along with, beside”) | fairis an | fairis na | fara mo | fara do | farana | faranár | faranar | faranarb | faranarbh | |
i (“in”) | sa, san | sna | i mo im* | i do id*, it* | ina | inár | inar | inarb | inarbh | |
le (“with”) | leis an | leis na | le mo lem* | le do led*, let* | lena | lenár | lenar | lenarb | lenarbh | |
ó (“from, since”) | ón | ó na ósna* | ó mo óm* | ó do ód*, ót* | óna | ónár | ónar | ónarb | ónarbh | |
trí (“through”) | tríd an | trí na | trí mo | trí do | trína | trínár | trínar | trínarb | trínarbh | |
*Dialectal. |
Mutation
Irish mutation | |||
---|---|---|---|
Radical | Eclipsis | with h-prothesis | with t-prothesis |
im | n-im | him | t-im |
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
Further reading
- "im" in Foclóir Gaeilge-Béarla, An Gúm, 1977, by Niall Ó Dónaill.
- C. Marstrander, E. G. Quin et al., editors (1913–76), “imb, imm”, in Dictionary of the Irish Language: Based Mainly on Old and Middle Irish Materials, Dublin: Royal Irish Academy, ISBN 9780901714299
- “im” in Foclóir Gaeḋilge agus Béarla, Irish Texts Society, 1st ed., 1904, by Patrick S. Dinneen, page 394.
- Entries containing “im” in English-Irish Dictionary, An Gúm, 1959, by Tomás de Bhaldraithe.
- Entries containing “im” in New English-Irish Dictionary by Foras na Gaeilge.
Iu Mien
Etymology
From Proto-Hmong-Mien *ʔim (“bitter”). Cognate with White Hmong iab.
Middle English
References
- “him, (pron.)” in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 6 May 2018.
Old Saxon
Alternative forms
Etymology
From Proto-Germanic *iz.
Declension
Personal pronouns | |||||
Singular | 1. | 2. | 3. m | 3. f | 3. n |
Nominative | ik | thū | hē | siu | it |
Accusative | mī, me, mik | thī, thik | ina | sia | |
Dative | mī | thī | imu | iru | it |
Genitive | mīn | thīn | is | ira | is |
Dual | 1. | 2. | - | - | - |
Nominative | wit | git | - | - | - |
Accusative | unk | ink | - | - | - |
Dative | |||||
Genitive | unkero | - | - | - | |
Plural | 1. | 2. | 3. m | 3. f | 3. n |
Nominative | wī, we | gī, ge | sia | sia | siu |
Accusative | ūs, unsik | eu, iu, iuu | |||
Dative | ūs | im | |||
Genitive | ūser | euwar, iuwer, iuwar, iuwero, iuwera | iro |
Polish
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /im/
See also
- Appendix:Polish pronouns
Conjunction
im
- Introduces a parallel, conditional or comparative statement, placed before the thing being compared to.
- im więcej..., tym mniej... ― the more ..., the less ...
- Im większy głód, tym lepiej smakuje. ― The greater the hunger, the better [the food] tastes.
Romanian
Etymology
From Latin līmus, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ley- (“slime, slimy, sticky, slippery”).
Scots
Serbo-Croatian
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /im/
Pronoun
im (Cyrillic spelling им)
Declension
Singular | Plural | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |
nominative | ȏn | òna | òno | òni | òne | òna |
genitive | njȅga, ga | njȇ, je | njȅga, ga | njȋh, ih | njȋh, ih | njȋh, ih |
dative | njȅmu, mu | njȏj, joj | njȅmu, mu | njȉma, im | njȉma, im | njȉma, im |
accusative | njȅga, ga, nj | njȗ, ju, je | njȅga, ga, nj | njȋh, ih | njȋh, ih | njȋh, ih |
vocative | — | — | — | — | — | — |
locative | njȅm, njȅmu | njȏj | njȅm, njȅmu | njȉma | njȉma | njȉma |
instrumental | njȋm, njíme | njȏm, njóme | njȋm, njíme | njȉma | njȉma | njȉma |
Vietnamese
Pronunciation
- (Hà Nội) IPA(key): [ʔim˧˧]
- (Huế) IPA(key): [ʔim˧˧]
- (Hồ Chí Minh City) IPA(key): [ʔim˧˧]
Welsh
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ɪm/