na
English
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /nɑː/
- Rhymes: -ɑː
Etymology 1
From Old English ne (“not”) + ā (“ever”).
Etymology 2
Development of Etymology 1, above; compare nah.
Interjection
na
References
- The New Geordie Dictionary, Frank Graham, 1987, →ISBN
- A Dictionary of North East Dialect, Bill Griffiths, 2005, Northumbria University Press, →ISBN
Etymology 3
Abbreviations.
Albanian
Etymology
From Proto-Albanian *na-, *nō- from Proto-Indo-European *nō̆s (“we”). Cognate to Latin nos (“we”), Sanskrit नस् (nas, “we”).
Asturian
Bambara
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [náà]
Blagar
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /nɑ/
References
- H. Steinhauer, "Going" and "Coming" in the Blagar of Dolap (Pura--Alor--Indonesia) (1977)
- W. A. L. Stokhof, Preliminary notes on the Alor and Pantar languages (East Indonesia) (1975)
- A. Schapper, The Papuan Languages of Timor, Alor and Pantar: Volume 1
Czech
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /na/
audio (file)
Preposition
na
- on, onto (direction, + accusative case)
- Dej skleničku na stůl. ― Put the glass on the table.
- on (location, + locative case)
- Sklenička je na stole. ― The glass is on the table.
- to, (direction, + accusative case, used only with certain places (do + genitive is more common))
- Jdeme na poštu. ― We're going to the post office.
- at, in (location, + locative case, used only with places that are strictly associated with their function; (v is more common))
- Jsme na poště. ― We're at the post office.
- for (purpose, + accusative case)
- Ty nůžky nejsou na hrání. ― The scissors are not for playing with.
- at (in the direction of, + accusative case)
- Nekřič na mě! ― Don't yell at me!
Dutch
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /naː/
audio (file) - Hyphenation: na
- Rhymes: -aː
Etymology 1
From Old Dutch *nāh, *nā, from Proto-Germanic *nēhw.
Preposition
na
- after
- (op ... na, with a cardinal number) bar, except Used to form ordinal numbers in relation to a superlative quality. The number that is used is 1 lower than in the English translation.
- Brazilië is met zijn 8,5 miljoen vierkante kilometer het grootste land van Zuid-Amerika en het op vier na grootste ter wereld.
- With its 8.5 million square kilometers, Brazil is the largest country in South America and the fifth largest in the world.
- Naast dat de toonladder een kenmerkend gegeven is, zijn er ook bepaalde tonen, die een speciale rol hebben, zoals de vadi en de samvadi, respectievelijk: de belangrijkste en de op een na belangrijkste toon.
- Next to [the fact] that the musical scale is a characteristic datum, there are also certain tones that have a special role, such as the vadi and the samvadi: respectively the most important and second most important tones.
- Brazilië is met zijn 8,5 miljoen vierkante kilometer het grootste land van Zuid-Amerika en het op vier na grootste ter wereld.
Inflection
Derived terms
Etymology 2
From Old Dutch *nāh, *nā, from Proto-Germanic *nēhwaz.
Inflection
The forms of the positive are obsolescent, particularly the inflected one. The comparative and superlative forms are functioning as independent adjectives to an increasing extent.
Inflection of na | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
uninflected | na | |||
inflected | naë | |||
comparative | nader | |||
positive | comparative | superlative | ||
predicative/adverbial | nader | het naast het naaste | ||
indefinite | m./f. sing. | naë | nadere | naaste |
n. sing. | na | nader | naaste | |
plural | naë | nadere | naaste | |
definite | naë | nadere | naaste | |
partitive | na's | naders | — |
Derived terms
- nabij
- te na komen
Esperanto
Pronunciation
Audio (file)
Preposition
na
- (neologism, rare) Preposition introducing an accusative phrase.
- Mi legis na Gerda Malaperis.
- I read Gerda Disappeared.
- Mi legis na Gerda Malaperis.
Usage notes
Unofficial; it is recognized by some Esperantists on the Internet. Usage is not recommended where the accusative suffix is possible (on nouns and adjectives), but where it is not: numerals (unu (“one”)), particles (iom (“some”), ties (“that one's”)), letters (J), titles of books, and quotations. More standard options are to use the general preposition je, to omit the accusative ending, or to rephrase the sentence to avoid the issue.
Galician
Etymology 2
From a mutation of a.
Usage notes
The n- forms of accusative third-person pronouns are used when the preceding word ends in -u or a diphthong, and are suffixed to the preceding word.
German
Etymology 1
Perhaps from an unstressed form of nu.
Interjection
na
- well!, so!; used to introduce a statement
- Na, dann fangen wir mal an!
- So, let’s get started!
- oh, hm, huh, och, nu; expressing a (usually mild) degree of surprise, doubt, or frustration
- Na, das ist ja nett, dass ihr vorbeikommt!
- Oh, that’s nice of you to come by!
- Na? Ob das so stimmt...
- Huh? Not sure if that’s correct...
- Na! Warum will das denn jetzt wieder nicht?
- Och! Why does this thing not work yet again?
- (regional, chiefly northern and central Germany) huh?; used as a question marker, often implying that the speaker knows the answer
- Was ist zwei plus drei? Na?
- What’s three plus four? Huh?
- (regional, chiefly northern and central Germany) hey!, hi!; used as a greeting, but with an interrogative intonation, as if saying “So? You see me there?”, or “So? How is everything?”
- Na! Lang nicht gesehen!
- Hey! Long time no see!
- Na! Wie geht’s?
- Hi! How are you?
Etymology 2
A variant of nein.
Interjection
na
- (regional, chiefly southern Germany and Austria) Alternative form of nein (“no”)
- Na. Das geht net.
- No. That doesn’t work.
Guinea-Bissau Creole
Etymology
From Portuguese na. Cognates with Kabuverdianu na.
The Portuguese word comes from Old Portuguese na, clipping of ena, from en (“in”) + a (“the”).
Hawaiian
Usage notes
- Used for acquired possessions, while no is used for possessions that are inherited, out of personal control, and for things that can be got into (houses, clothes, cars).
Hungarian
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ˈnɒ]
Audio (file)
Interjection
na
Irish
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /nˠə/
Article
na (definite article)
Declension
Case | Masculine singular | Feminine singular | Plural |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | anT | anL | naH |
Genitive | anL | naH | naE |
Dative | anD | anD | naH |
D: Triggers lenition after de, do, and i (except of d, t; s lenites to ts; s always lenites with feminine nouns, even with prepositions that normally trigger eclipsis, but does not lenite at all with masculine nouns) and eclipsis otherwise (varies by dialect) E: Triggers eclipsis H: Triggers h-prothesis L: Triggers lenition (except of d, t; s lenites to ts) T: Triggers t-prothesis |
Contraction
na
- Nonstandard form of ina
- 1906, E. C. Quiggin, “Áindrías an Ime”, in A Dialect of Donegal: Being the Speech of Meenawannia in the Parish of Glenties, page 196:
- Bhí Áindrías an Ime na chomhnaidhe i mBaile ui Mún i nGleann an Bhaile Dhuibh.
- Áindrías of the Butter lived in Ballymoon in Gleann an Bhaile Dhuibh.
- Bhí Áindrías an Ime na chomhnaidhe i mBaile ui Mún i nGleann an Bhaile Dhuibh.
-
Mutation
Irish mutation | ||
---|---|---|
Radical | Lenition | Eclipsis |
na | not applicable | not applicable |
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
Further reading
- "na" in Foclóir Gaeilge-Béarla, An Gúm, 1977, by Niall Ó Dónaill.
- Entries containing “na” in English-Irish Dictionary, An Gúm, 1959, by Tomás de Bhaldraithe.
- Entries containing “na” in New English-Irish Dictionary by Foras na Gaeilge.
Kabuverdianu
Etymology
From Portuguese na.
The Portuguese word comes from Old Portuguese na, clipping of ena, from en (“in”) + a (“the”).
Kikuyu
Particle
na
- (instrumental) with[1]
- Gũtema na kanua ti gũtema na rũhiũ.
- To cut with a mouth is not to cut with a knife.
- Gũtema na kanua ti gũtema na rũhiũ.
- (comitative) and, with[1]
- Ikinya na thĩ itiaganaga.
- The foot and the earth cannot help meeting.
- Ikinya na thĩ itiaganaga.
- (source) from[1]
- Wega uumaga na mũciĩ.
- Goodness comes from home.
- Synonym: kuuma
- Wega uumaga na mũciĩ.
- but[1]
- Kanua njero, na mũciĩ ndũkomeka nĩ heho.
- The mouth is sweet, but the house is too cold to lie at.
- Kanua njero, na mũciĩ ndũkomeka nĩ heho.
References
- “na” in Benson, T.G. (1964). Kikuyu-English dictionary, p. 277. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Kilivila
References
- Gunter Senft (1986), Kilivila: the Language of the Trobriand Islanders. Berlin • New York • Amsterdam: Mouton de Gruyter, p. 372, 591. →ISBN
Kurdish
Interjection
na
- no (used to show disagreement or negation)
This Kurdish entry was created from the translations listed at no. It may be less reliable than other entries, and may be missing parts of speech or additional senses. Please also see na in the Kurdish Wiktionary. This notice will be removed when the entry is checked. (more information) December 2008
Lakota
Latin
References
- na in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition, 1883–1887)
Lower Sorbian
Etymology
From Proto-Slavic *na, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂neh₃
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /na/
Further reading
- na_2 in Ernst Muka/Mucke (St. Petersburg and Prague 1911–28): Słownik dolnoserbskeje rěcy a jeje narěcow / Wörterbuch der nieder-wendischen Sprache und ihrer Dialekte. Reprinted 2008, Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag.
- na in Manfred Starosta (1999): Dolnoserbsko-nimski słownik / Niedersorbisch-deutsches Wörterbuch. Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag.
Luganda
See also
References
The Essentials of Luganda, J. D. Chesswas, 4th edition. Oxford University Press: Nairobi. 1967, p. 94.
Mandarin
Pronunciation
audio (file)
Usage notes
- English transcriptions of Mandarin speech often fail to distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without the appropriate indication of tone.
Middle Dutch
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /naː/
Etymology 1
From Old Dutch nāh, from Proto-Germanic *nēhw.
Etymology 2
From Old Dutch *nāh, from Proto-Germanic *nēhwaz.
Inflection
This adjective needs an inflection-table template.
Northern Sami
Pronunciation
- (Kautokeino) IPA(key): /ˈna/
Adverb
na
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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.
Ojibwe
Particle
na
- Question marker for yes/no questions. It is always placed after the first word in the sentence. If the first word ends in a vowel, use the particle na; if it ends in a consonant, use ina.
- Giminikwe na? — Are you drinking?
- Gigii-anokii na bijiinaago? — Did you work yesterday?
- but: Giwiisin ina? — Are you eating?
Old English
Alternative forms
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /nɑː/
Adverb
nā
- not, no
- Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Version B, year 897
- Þȳ ilcan sumera forwearþ nā lǣs þanne twēntiġ sċipa be þām sūðriman.
- That same summer, no less than twenty ships perished on the south coast.
- Þȳ ilcan sumera forwearþ nā lǣs þanne twēntiġ sċipa be þām sūðriman.
- c. 990, Wessex Gospels, Matthew 22:17
- Is hit ālīefed þæt man Cāsere gafol selle, þē nā?
- Is it lawful to give tribute to Caesar, or not?
- Is hit ālīefed þæt man Cāsere gafol selle, þē nā?
- late 10th century, Ælfric, "The Fifth Sunday in Lent"
- Dryhten nis nā ōðrum mannum tō wiþmetenne.
- The Lord is not comparable to other people.
- Dryhten nis nā ōðrum mannum tō wiþmetenne.
- Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Version B, year 897
Conjunction
nā
- not
- Crist þwōg þā fēt his leorningcneohta, ac nā þone ears. Nǣfre þone ears.
- Christ washed the feet of his disciples, but not the ass. Never the ass.
- late 10th century, Ælfric, "Midlent"
- Māre wundor is þæt God Ælmihtiġ ǣlce dæġe fētt ealne middanġeard þanne þæt wundor wǣre þæt hē þā ġefylde fīf þūsend manna mid fīf hlāfum—ac þæs wundrodon menn nā for þȳ þæt hit māre wundor wǣre, ac for þȳ þæt hit wæs unġewunelīċ.
- It is a greater miracle when God Almighty feeds the whole world every day than when he fed five thousand people with five loaves of bread—but that amazed people not because it was more miraculous, but because it was unusual.
- Māre wundor is þæt God Ælmihtiġ ǣlce dæġe fētt ealne middanġeard þanne þæt wundor wǣre þæt hē þā ġefylde fīf þūsend manna mid fīf hlāfum—ac þæs wundrodon menn nā for þȳ þæt hit māre wundor wǣre, ac for þȳ þæt hit wæs unġewunelīċ.
Synonyms
- (conjunction): næs
Old Irish
Pali
Alternative forms
Papiamentu
Etymology 1
From Portuguese na and Kabuverdianu na.
The Portuguese word comes from Old Portuguese na, clipping of ena, from en (“in”) + a (“the”).
Polish
Etymology
From Proto-Slavic *na, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂neh₃
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /na/
Audio (file)
Preposition
na
- (+ locative) on, in
- Siedzę na koniu.
- I'm on a horse.
- (+ accusative) onto, on
- Uważaj, zaraz to na mnie spadnie!
- Watch out, it's going to fall on me!
- (+ accusative) for, by (a time, date etc.)
- Sprawozdanie ma być gotowe na piątą.
- The report should be ready by five o'clock.
- (+ accusative) for, to deal with
- lek na grypę — flu medication
- na zdrowie — for [your] health; cheers; bless you.
- (+ accusative or adverb) in a particular manner
- (+ accusative, mathematics) onto (surjective)
Usage notes
- When used as an adjective, this word is indeclinable, postpositive (when used attributively), and usually placed inside quotation marks, e.g. funkcja „na”.
Portuguese
Etymology 1
From Old Portuguese na, clipping of ena, from en (“in”) + a (“the”).
Contraction
na f (masculine no, masculine plural nos, feminine plural nas)
- Contraction of em a (“in the”).
- 2005, J. K. Rowling, Harry Potter e o Enigma do Príncipe [Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince] (Harry Potter; 6), Rio de Janeiro: Rocco, →ISBN, page 184:
- Eu estava na esperança de encontrá-lo antes do jantar!
- I was hoping to meet you before dinner!
Quotations
For quotations of use of this term, see Citations:no.
Pronoun
na
Quotations
For quotations of use of this term, see Citations:no.
Riantana
Samoan
Scottish Gaelic
Usage notes
- As in his lenites the following word.
- As in her adds h- to the following word, if it begins with a vowel.
- Bha i na h-oifigeach. - She was an official. (literally in her official).
Usage notes
- This is the most common plural form. The most common singular form is an. For other forms and their specific uses, see pages listed in "See also" below.
- This form is used in the genitive singular of feminine nouns beginning with a consonant.
Serbo-Croatian
Etymology
From Proto-Slavic *na, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂no(H). Compare nȁd.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /na/
audio (file)
Preposition
na (Cyrillic spelling на)
- (+ accusative case) to, on, onto (with change of position, answering the question kùda)
- ići na koncert ― to go to a concert
- staviti knjigu na sto(l) ― to put a book on the table
- (+ locative case) on, at, in (without change of position, answering the question gdjȅ/gdȅ)
- knjiga je na stolu ― the book is on the table
- biti na koncertu ― to be at the concert
- biti na ulici ― to be in the street
- (+ accusative case) on, by, for, at (in expressions with time)
- otići nekuda na par dana ― to go somewhere for a couple of days
- na ljeto/leto ― next summer, the following summer
- na vr(ij)eme ― on time
- biti plaćen na sat ― to be paid by the hour
- (+ accusative case) to indicate a source of power or energy
- podmornica na atomski pogon ― nuclear-powered submarine (literally, “submarine (run) on the nuclear power”)
Sicilian
Slovak
Etymology
From Proto-Slavic *na.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈna/
Somali
Swahili
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /nɑ/
Usage notes
Older or more conservative Swahili writings only use na to connect two nouns, never to connect two adjectives; the second adjective is changed into an abstract noun instead. However, in modern colloquial Swahili, this is not always the case.
Swedish
Etymology
From Old Swedish hana, accusative form of hon. In standard Swedish the corresponding dative form (henne, in Old Norse: hænni) instead has taken its place.[1]
Pronoun
na
Usage notes
Often merged with previous word. Rarely in written form unless supposed to imitate (dialectal) speech.
Synonyms
See also
Tok Pisin
Conjunction
na
Derived terms
Tzotzil
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /nä/
Inflection
Derived terms
(Nouns)
- ti' na
References
- Laughlin, Robert M. (1975) The Great Tzotzil Dictionary of San Lorenzo Zinacantán. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.
- Laughlin, Robert M. [et al.] (1988) The Great Tzotzil Dictionary of Santo Domingo Zinacantán, vol. I. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.
Vietnamese
Pronunciation
- (Hà Nội) IPA(key): [naː˧˧]
- (Huế) IPA(key): [naː˧˧]
- (Hồ Chí Minh City) IPA(key): [naː˧˧]
Noun
(classifier cây, trái, quả) na (𦰡)
- (Northern Vietnam) sugar apple (Annona squamosa)
- Synonym: mãng cầu
Welsh
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /naː/, /na/
Usage notes
Triggers mixed mutation of a following consonant. When the following consonant is g, which disappears under soft mutation, the form na remains; it does not become nag, the form used before vowels. Thus na + gallan becomes na allan, not *nag allan.
Alternative forms
- nag (used before a vowel)
Alternative forms
- nag (used before a vowel)
Westrobothnian
Etymology 1
From Old Norse nakkvart.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /na/, /næ/
Adverb
na
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /nɑ/, /ɳɑ/
Xhosa
Particle
na
- Interrogative particle; indicates a yes-no question. Placed at the end of the sentence.
Etymology 2
From Proto-Bantu *-nɪ̀a.
Inflection
This verb needs an inflection-table template.
Zulu
Etymology 1
Possibly from na-.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ná/
Particle
na
- Interrogative particle; indicates a yes-no question. Placed at the end of the sentence.
Etymology 2
From Proto-Bantu *-nɪ̀a.
Pronunciation
IPA(key): /na/
Inflection
Tone L | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Infinitive | ukuna | ||||||||
Positive | Negative | ||||||||
Infinitive | ukuna | ukungani | |||||||
Imperative | |||||||||
Simple | + object concord | ||||||||
Singular | yina | -ne | |||||||
Plural | yinani | -neni | |||||||
Present | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngiyana, ngina | enginayo, engina | ngina | angini | engingani | ngingani | |||
2nd singular | uyana, una | onayo, ona | una | awuni | ongani | ungani | |||
1st plural | siyana, sina | esinayo, esina | sina | asini | esingani | singani | |||
2nd plural | niyana, nina | eninayo, enina | nina | anini | eningani | ningani | |||
Class 1 | uyana, una | onayo, ona | ena | akani | ongani | engani | |||
Class 2 | bayana, bana | abanayo, abana | bena | abani | abangani | bengani | |||
Class 3 | uyana, una | onayo, ona | una | awuni | ongani | ungani | |||
Class 4 | iyana, ina | enayo, ena | ina | ayini | engani | ingani | |||
Class 5 | liyana, lina | elinayo, elina | lina | alini | elingani | lingani | |||
Class 6 | ayana, ana | anayo, ana | ena | awani | angani | engani | |||
Class 7 | siyana, sina | esinayo, esina | sina | asini | esingani | singani | |||
Class 8 | ziyana, zina | ezinayo, ezina | zina | azini | ezingani | zingani | |||
Class 9 | iyana, ina | enayo, ena | ina | ayini | engani | ingani | |||
Class 10 | ziyana, zina | ezinayo, ezina | zina | azini | ezingani | zingani | |||
Class 11 | luyana, luna | olunayo, oluna | luna | aluni | olungani | lungani | |||
Class 14 | buyana, buna | obunayo, obuna | buna | abuni | obungani | bungani | |||
Class 15 | kuyana, kuna | okunayo, okuna | kuna | akuni | okungani | kungani | |||
Class 17 | kuyana, kuna | okunayo, okuna | kuna | akuni | okungani | kungani | |||
Recent past | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | nginile, nginē | enginile, enginē | nginile, nginē | anginanga | engingananga | ngingananga | |||
2nd singular | unile, unē | onile, onē | unile, unē | awunanga | ongananga | ungananga | |||
1st plural | sinile, sinē | esinile, esinē | sinile, sinē | asinanga | esingananga | singananga | |||
2nd plural | ninile, ninē | eninile, eninē | ninile, ninē | aninanga | eningananga | ningananga | |||
Class 1 | unile, unē | onile, onē | enile, enē | akananga | ongananga | engananga | |||
Class 2 | banile, banē | abanile, abanē | benile, benē | abananga | abangananga | bengananga | |||
Class 3 | unile, unē | onile, onē | unile, unē | awunanga | ongananga | ungananga | |||
Class 4 | inile, inē | enile, enē | inile, inē | ayinanga | engananga | ingananga | |||
Class 5 | linile, linē | elinile, elinē | linile, linē | alinanga | elingananga | lingananga | |||
Class 6 | anile, anē | anile, anē | enile, enē | awananga | angananga | engananga | |||
Class 7 | sinile, sinē | esinile, esinē | sinile, sinē | asinanga | esingananga | singananga | |||
Class 8 | zinile, zinē | ezinile, ezinē | zinile, zinē | azinanga | ezingananga | zingananga | |||
Class 9 | inile, inē | enile, enē | inile, inē | ayinanga | engananga | ingananga | |||
Class 10 | zinile, zinē | ezinile, ezinē | zinile, zinē | azinanga | ezingananga | zingananga | |||
Class 11 | lunile, lunē | olunile, olunē | lunile, lunē | alunanga | olungananga | lungananga | |||
Class 14 | bunile, bunē | obunile, obunē | bunile, bunē | abunanga | obungananga | bungananga | |||
Class 15 | kunile, kunē | okunile, okunē | kunile, kunē | akunanga | okungananga | kungananga | |||
Class 17 | kunile, kunē | okunile, okunē | kunile, kunē | akunanga | okungananga | kungananga | |||
Remote past | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngāna | engāna | ngāna | anginanga | engingananga | ngingananga | |||
2nd singular | wāna | owāna | wāna | awunanga | ongananga | ungananga | |||
1st plural | sāna | esāna | sāna | asinanga | esingananga | singananga | |||
2nd plural | nāna | enāna | nāna | aninanga | eningananga | ningananga | |||
Class 1 | wāna | owāna | āna | akananga | ongananga | engananga | |||
Class 2 | bāna | abāna | bāna | abananga | abangananga | bengananga | |||
Class 3 | wāna | owāna | wāna | awunanga | ongananga | ungananga | |||
Class 4 | yāna | eyāna | yāna | ayinanga | engananga | ingananga | |||
Class 5 | lāna | elāna | lāna | alinanga | elingananga | lingananga | |||
Class 6 | āna | āna | āna | awananga | angananga | engananga | |||
Class 7 | sāna | esāna | sāna | asinanga | esingananga | singananga | |||
Class 8 | zāna | ezāna | zāna | azinanga | ezingananga | zingananga | |||
Class 9 | yāna | eyāna | yāna | ayinanga | engananga | ingananga | |||
Class 10 | zāna | ezāna | zāna | azinanga | ezingananga | zingananga | |||
Class 11 | lwāna | olwāna | lwāna | alunanga | olungananga | lungananga | |||
Class 14 | bāna | obāna | bāna | abunanga | obungananga | bungananga | |||
Class 15 | kwāna | okwāna | kwāna | akunanga | okungananga | kungananga | |||
Class 17 | kwāna | okwāna | kwāna | akunanga | okungananga | kungananga | |||
Potential | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngingana | — | ngingana | ngingene | — | ngingene | |||
2nd singular | ungana | — | ungana | ungene | — | ungene | |||
1st plural | singana | — | singana | singene | — | singene | |||
2nd plural | ningana | — | ningana | ningene | — | ningene | |||
Class 1 | angana | — | engana | angene | — | engene | |||
Class 2 | bangana | — | bengana | bangene | — | bengene | |||
Class 3 | ungana | — | ungana | ungene | — | ungene | |||
Class 4 | ingana | — | ingana | ingene | — | ingene | |||
Class 5 | lingana | — | lingana | lingene | — | lingene | |||
Class 6 | angana | — | engana | angene | — | engene | |||
Class 7 | singana | — | singana | singene | — | singene | |||
Class 8 | zingana | — | zingana | zingene | — | zingene | |||
Class 9 | ingana | — | ingana | ingene | — | ingene | |||
Class 10 | zingana | — | zingana | zingene | — | zingene | |||
Class 11 | lungana | — | lungana | lungene | — | lungene | |||
Class 14 | bungana | — | bungana | bungene | — | bungene | |||
Class 15 | kungana | — | kungana | kungene | — | kungene | |||
Class 17 | kungana | — | kungana | kungene | — | kungene | |||
Immediate future | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngizokuna | engizokuna | ngizokuna | angizukuna | — | ngingezukuna | |||
2nd singular | uzokuna | ozokuna | uzokuna | awuzukuna | — | ungezukuna | |||
1st plural | sizokuna | esizokuna | sizokuna | asizukuna | — | singezukuna | |||
2nd plural | nizokuna | enizokuna | nizokuna | anizukuna | — | ningezukuna | |||
Class 1 | uzokuna | ozokuna | ezokuna | akazukuna | — | engezukuna | |||
Class 2 | bazokuna | abazokuna | bezokuna | abazukuna | — | bengezukuna | |||
Class 3 | uzokuna | ozokuna | uzokuna | awuzukuna | — | ungezukuna | |||
Class 4 | izokuna | ezokuna | izokuna | ayizukuna | — | ingezukuna | |||
Class 5 | lizokuna | elizokuna | lizokuna | alizukuna | — | lingezukuna | |||
Class 6 | azokuna | azokuna | ezokuna | awazukuna | — | engezukuna | |||
Class 7 | sizokuna | esizokuna | sizokuna | asizukuna | — | singezukuna | |||
Class 8 | zizokuna | ezizokuna | zizokuna | azizukuna | — | zingezukuna | |||
Class 9 | izokuna | ezokuna | izokuna | ayizukuna | — | ingezukuna | |||
Class 10 | zizokuna | ezizokuna | zizokuna | azizukuna | — | zingezukuna | |||
Class 11 | luzokuna | oluzokuna | luzokuna | aluzukuna | — | lungezukuna | |||
Class 14 | buzokuna | obuzokuna | buzokuna | abuzukuna | — | bungezukuna | |||
Class 15 | kuzokuna | okuzokuna | kuzokuna | akuzukuna | — | kungezukuna | |||
Class 17 | kuzokuna | okuzokuna | kuzokuna | akuzukuna | — | kungezukuna | |||
Remote future | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngiyokuna | engiyokuna | ngiyokuna | angiyukuna | — | ngingeyukuna | |||
2nd singular | uyokuna | oyokuna | uyokuna | awuyukuna | — | ungeyukuna | |||
1st plural | siyokuna | esiyokuna | siyokuna | asiyukuna | — | singeyukuna | |||
2nd plural | niyokuna | eniyokuna | niyokuna | aniyukuna | — | ningeyukuna | |||
Class 1 | uyokuna | oyokuna | eyokuna | akayukuna | — | engeyukuna | |||
Class 2 | bayokuna | abayokuna | beyokuna | abayukuna | — | bengeyukuna | |||
Class 3 | uyokuna | oyokuna | uyokuna | awuyukuna | — | ungeyukuna | |||
Class 4 | iyokuna | eyokuna | iyokuna | ayiyukuna | — | ingeyukuna | |||
Class 5 | liyokuna | eliyokuna | liyokuna | aliyukuna | — | lingeyukuna | |||
Class 6 | ayokuna | ayokuna | eyokuna | awayukuna | — | engeyukuna | |||
Class 7 | siyokuna | esiyokuna | siyokuna | asiyukuna | — | singeyukuna | |||
Class 8 | ziyokuna | eziyokuna | ziyokuna | aziyukuna | — | zingeyukuna | |||
Class 9 | iyokuna | eyokuna | iyokuna | ayiyukuna | — | ingeyukuna | |||
Class 10 | ziyokuna | eziyokuna | ziyokuna | aziyukuna | — | zingeyukuna | |||
Class 11 | luyokuna | oluyokuna | luyokuna | aluyukuna | — | lungeyukuna | |||
Class 14 | buyokuna | obuyokuna | buyokuna | abuyukuna | — | bungeyukuna | |||
Class 15 | kuyokuna | okuyokuna | kuyokuna | akuyukuna | — | kungeyukuna | |||
Class 17 | kuyokuna | okuyokuna | kuyokuna | akuyukuna | — | kungeyukuna | |||
Present subjunctive | |||||||||
Positive | Negative | ||||||||
1st singular | ngine | ngingani | |||||||
2nd singular | une | ungani | |||||||
1st plural | sine | singani | |||||||
2nd plural | nine | ningani | |||||||
Class 1 | ane | angani | |||||||
Class 2 | bane | bangani | |||||||
Class 3 | une | ungani | |||||||
Class 4 | ine | ingani | |||||||
Class 5 | line | lingani | |||||||
Class 6 | ane | angani | |||||||
Class 7 | sine | singani | |||||||
Class 8 | zine | zingani | |||||||
Class 9 | ine | ingani | |||||||
Class 10 | zine | zingani | |||||||
Class 11 | lune | lungani | |||||||
Class 14 | bune | bungani | |||||||
Class 15 | kune | kungani | |||||||
Class 17 | kune | kungani | |||||||
Past subjunctive | |||||||||
Positive | Negative | ||||||||
1st singular | ngana | ngangana, angana, angangana | |||||||
2nd singular | wana | wangana, awana, awangana | |||||||
1st plural | sana | sangana, asana, asangana | |||||||
2nd plural | nana | nangana, anana, anangana | |||||||
Class 1 | wana | wangana, akana, akangana | |||||||
Class 2 | bana | bangana, abana, abangana | |||||||
Class 3 | wana | wangana, awana, awangana | |||||||
Class 4 | yana | yangana, ayana, ayangana | |||||||
Class 5 | lana | langana, alana, alangana | |||||||
Class 6 | ana | angana, awana, awangana | |||||||
Class 7 | sana | sangana, asana, asangana | |||||||
Class 8 | zana | zangana, azana, azangana | |||||||
Class 9 | yana | yangana, ayana, ayangana | |||||||
Class 10 | zana | zangana, azana, azangana | |||||||
Class 11 | lwana | lwangana, alwana, alwangana | |||||||
Class 14 | bana | bangana, abana, abangana | |||||||
Class 15 | kwana | kwangana, akwana, akwangana | |||||||
Class 17 | kwana | kwangana, akwana, akwangana |
See also
References
- C. M. Doke; B. W. Vilakazi (1972), “na”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “na (3-8)”
- C. M. Doke; B. W. Vilakazi (1972), “na”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “na”