and

• (stressed) enPR: ănd, ĕnd IPA^(key): /ænd/, /ɛnd/

• Audio (US)

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ænd, -ɛnd
• (unstressed) enPR: ən(d) IPA^(key): /ənd/, /ən/, /ɛn/, /ɛnd/, /n̩d/, /n̩/

• Audio (US) (ham and eggs)

  (file)

• (unstressed or, for some speakers, stressed) Homophone: end

From Middle English and, an, from Old English and, ond, end, from Proto-Germanic *andi, *anþi, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énti (“facing opposite, near, in front of, before”). Cognate with Scots an (“and”), North Frisian en (“and”), West Frisian en, in (“and”), Low German un (“and”), Dutch en (“and”), German und (“and”), Danish end (“but”), Swedish än (“yet, but”), Icelandic enn (“still, yet”), Albanian edhe (“and”) (dialectal ênde, ênne), ende (“still, yet, therefore”), Latin ante (“opposite, in front of”), and Ancient Greek ἀντί (antí, “opposite, facing”).

• an'
• 'n' (n)

and

1. As a coordinating conjunction; expressing two elements to be taken together or in addition to each other.
   1. Used simply to connect two noun phrases, adjectives or adverbs. [from 8^th c.]
      • c. 1430 (reprinted 1888), Thomas Austin, ed., Two Fifteenth-century Cookery-books. Harleian ms. 279 (ab. 1430), & Harl. ms. 4016 (ab. 1450), with Extracts from Ashmole ms. 1429, Laud ms. 553, & Douce ms. 55 [Early English Text Society, Original Series; 91], London: N. Trübner & Co. for the Early English Text Society, volume I, OCLC 374760, page 11:

        Soupes dorye. — Take gode almaunde mylke […] caste þher-to Safroun an Salt […]

      • 1596-97, William Shakespeare, The Merchant of Venice, Act V Scene 1

        Sweet lady, you have given me life and living; […]

      • 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), imprinted at London: By Robert Barker, […], OCLC 964384981, Genesis 1:1:

        In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth.

      • 1817, Jane Austen, Persuasion:

        as for Mrs. Smith, she had claims of various kinds to recommend her quickly and permanently.

      • 2011, Mark Townsend, The Guardian, 5 November:

        ‘The UKBA has some serious explaining to do if it is routinely carrying out such abusive and unlawful inspections.’

   2. Simply connecting two clauses or sentences. [from 8^th c.]
      • 1991, Jung Chang, Wild Swans:

        When she saw several boys carrying a huge wooden case full of porcelain, she mumbled to Jinming that she was going to have a look, and left the room.

      • 2011, Helena Smith & Tom Kington, The Guardian, 5 November:

        "Consensus is essential for the country," he said, adding that he was not "tied" to his post and was willing to step aside.

   3. Introducing a clause or sentence which follows on in time or consequence from the first. [from 9^th c.]
      • 1996, David Beasley, Chocolate for the Poor:

        ‘But if you think you can get it, Christian, you're a fool. Set one foot upcountry and I'll kill you.’

      • 2004, Will Buckley, The Observer:, 22 August:

        One more error and all the good work she had done on Friday would be for nought.

   4. (obsolete) Yet; but. [10^th-17^th c.]
      • 1611, Authorised (King James) Version, Bible, Matthew XXII:

        Hee said, I goe sir, and went not.

   5. Used to connect certain numbers: connecting units when they precede tens (not dated); connecting tens and units to hundreds, thousands etc. (now often omitted in US); to connect fractions to wholes. [from 10^th c.]
      • 1863, Abraham Lincoln, ‘Gettysburg Address’:

        Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth, upon this continent, a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that "all men are created equal".

      • 1906, Upton Sinclair, The Jungle, Chapter 26

        In Chicago these latter were receiving, for the most part, eighteen and a half cents an hour, and the unions wished to make this the general wage for the next year.

      • 1956, Dodie Smith, (title):

        The One Hundred and One Dalmatians.

   6. (now colloquial or literary) Used to connect more than two elements together in a chain, sometimes to stress the number of elements.
      • 1623, William Shakespeare, Julius Caesar, First Folio, II.2:

        And these does she apply, for warnings and portents, / And euils imminent; and on her knee / Hath begg'd, that I will stay at home to day.

      • 1939, Langley, Ryerson & Woolf, The Wizard of Oz (screenplay):

        Lions, and tigers, and bears! Oh, my!

   7. Connecting two identical elements, with implications of continued or infinite repetition. [from 10^th c.]
      • 1611, Authorised (King James) Version, Bible, Psalms CXLV:

        I will extol thee, my God, O king; and I will bless thy name for ever and ever.

      • 2011, Jonathan Watts, The Guardian, 18 March:

        He was at work in a nearby city when the tsunami struck. ‘As soon as I saw it, I called home. It rang and rang, but there was no answer.’

   8. Introducing a parenthetical or explanatory clause. [from 10^th c.]
      • 1918, George W. E. Russell, Prime Ministers and Some Others:

        The word "capable" occurs in Mr. Fisher's Bill, and rightly, because our mental and physical capacities are infinitely varied.

      • 2008, The Guardian, 29 Jan 2008:

        President Pervez Musharraf is undoubtedly sincere in his belief that he, and he alone, can save Pakistan from the twin perils of terrorism and anarchy.

   9. Introducing the continuation of narration from a previous understood point; also used alone as a question: ‘and so what?’.
      • 1611, Authorised (King James) Version, Bible, Revelation XIV:

        And I heard a voice from heaven, as the voice of many waters, and as the voice of a great thunder: and I heard the voice of harpers harping with their harps […].

      • 1861, Charles Dickens, Great Expectations:

        ‘You take it smoothly now,’ said I, ‘but you were very serious last night, when you swore it was Death.’ ‘And so I swear it is Death,’ said he, putting his pipe back in his mouth […].

      • 1914, Saki, ‘The Lull’, Beasts and Superbeasts:

        ‘And, Vera,’ added Mrs. Durmot, turning to her sixteen-year-old niece, ‘be careful what colour ribbon you wear in your hair […].’

   10. (now regional or somewhat colloquial) Used to connect two verbs where the second is dependent on the first: ‘to’. Used especially after come, go and try. [from 14^th c.]
       • 1817, Jane Austen, Sanditon:

         Beyond paying her a few charming compliments and amusing her with gay conversation, had he done anything at all to try and gain her affection?

       • 1989, James Kelman, A Disaffection:

         Remember and help yourself to the soup! called Gavin.

   11. Introducing a qualitative difference between things having the same name; "as well as other". [from 16^th c.]
       • 1936, The Labour Monthly, vol. XVIII:

         Undoubtedly every party makes mistakes. But there are mistakes and mistakes.

       • 1972, Esquire, vol. LXXVIII:

         "There are managers and there are managers," he tells me. "I'm totally involved in every aspect of Nina's career."

   12. Used to combine numbers in addition; plus (with singular or plural verb). [from 17^th c.]
       • 1791, James Boswell, Life of Samuel Johnson:

         ‘Nobody attempts to dispute that two and two make four: but with contests concerning moral truth, human passions are generally mixed […].’

       • 1871, Lewis Carroll, Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There:

         ‘Can you do Addition?’ the White Queen asked. ‘What's one and one and one and one and one and one and one and one and one and one?’

2. (heading) Expressing a condition.
   1. (now US dialectal) If; provided that. [from 13^th c.]
      • 1485, Sir Thomas Malory, Le Morte Darthur, Book VII:

        "Where ys Sir Launcelot?" seyde King Arthure. "And he were here, he wolde nat grucche to do batayle for you."

      • 1526, William Tyndale, trans. Bible, Matthew XIV:

        Peter answered, and sayde: master, and thou be he, bidde me come unto the on the water.

      • 1958, Shirley Ann Grau, The Hard Blue Sky:

        "And he went slower," Mike said softly, "he go better."

   2. (obsolete) As if, as though. [15^th-17^th c.]
      • 1600, William Shakespeare, A Midsummer Night's Dream, I.2:

        I will roare you, and 'twere any Nightingale.

      • Francis Bacon

        As they will set an house on fire, and it were but to roast their eggs.

• For quotations of use of this term, see Citations:and.

• (used to connect two similar words or phrases): as well as, together with, in addition to
• (informal): &, 'n', +

and (plural ands)

1. (music, often informal) In rhythm, the second half of a divided beat.
   • 2006, Goodwin, Gordon, Gordon Goodwin's Big Phat Band: Trumpet, page 51:

     The same goes for measure 42, when you begin the phrase on the and of 1, because that kind of lick can easily bog down the time.

From Middle English ande, from Old English anda (“grudge, enmity, malice, envy, hatred, anger, zeal, annoyance, vexation; zeal; injury, mischief; fear, horror”) and Old Norse andi (“breath, wind, spirit”); both from Proto-Germanic *anadô (“breath, anger, zeal”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂enh₁- (“to breathe, blow”). Cognate with German Ahnd, And (“woe, grief”), Danish ånde (“breath”), Swedish anda, ande (“spirit, breath, wind, ingenuity, intellect”), Icelandic andi (“spirit”), Albanian ëndë (“pleasure, delight”), Latin animus (“spirit, soul”). Related to onde.

• aynd, eind, eynd, yane, end

and (plural ands)

1. (Britain dialectal) Breath.
2. (Britain dialectal) Sea smoke; steam fog.

From Middle English anden, from Old English andian (“to be envious or jealous, envy”) and Old Norse anda (“to breathe”); both from Proto-Germanic *anadōną (“to breathe, sputter”). Cognate with German ahnden (“to avenge, punish”), Danish ånde (“to breathe”), Swedish andas (“to breathe”), Icelandic anda (“to breathe”). See above.

• eind, eynd, ein

and (third-person singular simple present ands, present participle anding, simple past and past participle anded)

1. (Britain dialectal, intransitive) To breathe; whisper; devise; imagine.

• ADN, DAN, DNA, Dan, Dan., NAD, NDA, dan, dna, nad

From Proto-Turkic *Ānt (“oath”). Cognate with Old Turkic 𐰦‎ (nt), Turkish ant.

• IPA^(key): [and]

and (definite accusative andı, plural andlar)

1. oath

• and içmək (“to take an oath”)

From Old Norse ǫnd, from Proto-Germanic *anadz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂enh₁-ti- (“duck”).

• IPA^(key): /and/, [anˀ]

and c (singular definite anden, plural indefinite ænder)

1. duck
2. canard (false or misleading report or story)

• “and” in Den Danske Ordbog

From the root of andma. Cognate with Finnish anti.

• IPA^(key): /ɑnʲˑt/

and (genitive anni, partitive andi)

1. offering, gift
2. alms, donation
3. giftedness, talent
4. act of giving

and

1. Romanization of 𐌰𐌽𐌳

• (Courland) andõ

From Proto-Finnic *antadak, from Proto-Uralic *ëmta-.

• IPA^(key): /ɑnd/

and

1. (Salaca) to give

• ant, an, en, ⁊, &

From Old English and, ond, end, from Proto-Germanic *andi, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énti.

• IPA^(key): /and/
• (unstressed) IPA^(key): /an/, /ɛn/

and

1. and, and then (connects two elements of a sentence)

   • c. 1200, Ormin, “Dedication”, in Ormulum, lines 1-4:

     Nu broþerr Wallterr broþerr min / Affterr þe flæshess kinde / ⁊ broþerr min i Crisstendom / Þurrh fulluhht ⁊ þurrh trowwþe […]

     Now, brother Walter, my brother / by way of blood relation / and my brother in Christendom / through baptising and through faith […]

     c. 1340, Dan Michel, “Þe oþer Godes Heste”, in Ayenbite of Inwyt:

     Ac þe ilke / þet zuereþ hidousliche be god / oþer by his halȝen / and him to-breȝþ / and zayþ him sclondres / þet ne byeþ naȝt to zigge: þe ilke zeneȝeþ dyadliche […]

     But one who / hideously swears by God / or by his emissaries / and who tears him apart / while saying to him lies / that shouldn't be said: they sin grievously. […]

     c. 1380, Sir Firumbras, lines 4413-4414:

     "Lordes", quaþ Richard, "Buþ noȝt agast, Ac holdeþ forþ ȝour way / an hast & boldeliche doþ ȝour dede […] "

     "Lords", said Richard, "Don't be frightened, but hold your way forwards / and quickly and boldy do your deed […] "

     a. 1382, John Wycliffe, “Apocalips 1:8”, in Wycliffe's Bible:

     Yhe, Amen! Y am alpha and oo, the bigynnyng and the ende, seith the Lord God, that is, and that was, and that is to comynge, almyȝti.

     You, Amen! I am Alpha and O, the beginning and the end, says the Lord God; that is, that was, and that which will come, almighty.

     c. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “General Prologue”, in The Canterbury Tales, lines 1-3:

     Whan that Aprill, with his shoures soote /, The droghte of March hath perced to the roote / And bathed every veyne in swich licour […]

     When that April, with its sweet showers / Has pierced March's drought to the root / And bathed every vein in such fluid […]

2. however, yet, but, though. while
3. if, supposing that, whether.
4. (rare) As though, like, in a manner suggesting.

• English: and
• Scots: an

• “and (conj. (& adv.))” in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 2019-01-14.

From Old Norse ǫnd, from Proto-Germanic *anadz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂enh₁-ti- (“duck”).

• and

  (file)

and f or m (definite singular anda or anden, indefinite plural ender, definite plural endene)

1. a duck
2. canard (false or misleading report or story)

• Andeby (“Duckburg”)
• andunge

• “and” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

• IPA^(key): /ɑnː/, /ɑnd/

From Old Norse ǫnd, from Proto-Germanic *anadz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂enh₁-ti- (“duck”). Akin to English ennet.

and f (definite singular anda, indefinite plural ender, definite plural endene)

1. a duck (waterbird)

• Andeby (“Duckburg”)
• andunge

and

1. imperative of anda

• “and” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

• ond, end

From Proto-Germanic *anda, *andi, probably from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énti (“facing opposite, near, in front of, before”). Compare Old Frisian and, Old Saxon endi, Old High German unti, Old Norse enn.

• IPA^(key): /ɑnd/, [ɒnd]

and

1. and

• ⁊ (symbol)

• Middle English: and, an, en
  • Scots: an
  • English: and

and

1. even; also

• ande, ende

From Proto-Germanic *andi, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énti (“facing opposite, near, in front of, before”). Compare Old English and, Old Saxon endi, Old High German unti, Old Norse enn.

and

1. and

• North Frisian: en
• Saterland Frisian: un
• West Frisian: en, in

and

1. Alternative form of an

From Old Norse ǫnd, from Proto-Germanic *anadz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énh₂t- (“duck”).

• IPA^(key): /and/

• audio

  (file)

and c

1. a wild duck

• anka (domesticated duck)

• and in Svenska Akademiens ordlista över svenska språket (13th ed., online)