sa
Abau
References
- transnewguinea.org, citing D. C. Laycock, Languages of the Lumi Subdistrict (West Sepik District), New Guinea (1968), Oceanic Linguistics, 7 (1): 36-66
Acehnese
< 0 | 1 | 2 > |
---|---|---|
Cardinal : sa | ||
Etymology
From Proto-Chamic *sa, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *əsa, from Proto-Sunda-Sulawesi *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əsa, from Proto-Austronesian *əsa.
Albanian
Etymology
From Proto-Albanian *si-a, a combination of two pronominal members, Proto-Indo-European *kwih₂ and *h₂ew-/h₂en-.
Bahnar
Etymology
From Proto-Bahnaric *caː, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *caʔ (“to eat”); cognate with Halang cha, Koho saa, Semai ca, Pacoh cha, Khmer ស៊ី (sii) and Mon စ (cɛˀ).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /saː/
Balinese
< 0 | 1 | 2 > |
---|---|---|
Cardinal : sa | ||
Etymology
From Proto-Malayo-Chamic *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *əsa, from Proto-Sunda-Sulawesi *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əsa, from Proto-Austronesian *əsa.
Banjarese
< 0 | 1 | 2 > |
---|---|---|
Cardinal : sa | ||
Etymology
Shortened form of asa, from Proto-Malayic *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *əsa, from Proto-Sunda-Sulawesi *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əsa, from Proto-Austronesian *əsa.
Catalan
Etymology 1
From Old Occitan [Term?], from Latin sānus, from Proto-Indo-European *swā-n- (“healthy; whole; active; vigorous”).
Related terms
- insà
- malsà
- sanitat
Further reading
- “sa” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
- “sa” in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana.
- “sa” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
- “sa” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.
Duriankere
Further reading
- Cornelis L. Voorhoeve, Languages of Irian Jaya Checklist (1975, Canberra: Pacific Linguistics)
Finnish
Etymology
From Proto-Uralic *te or *tun.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈsɑ/, [ˈs̠ɑ]
- Hyphenation: sa
French
Etymology
From Old French sa, from Latin sua feminine form of suus.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /sa/
audio (file)
Determiner
sa f
Related terms
Possessee | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | |||||
Masculine | Feminine | |||||
Possessor | Singular | First person | mon1 | ma | mes | |
Second person | ton1 | ta | tes | |||
Third person | son1 | sa | ses | |||
Plural | First person | notre | nos | |||
Second person | votre2 | vos2 | ||||
Third person | leur | leurs |
- 1 Also used before feminine adjectives and nouns beginning with a vowel or mute h.
- 2 Also used as the polite singular form.
Further reading
- “sa” in le Trésor de la langue française informatisé (The Digitized Treasury of the French Language).
Galician
Etymology
Either from Proto-Germanic *saliz (“house, hall”),[1] or from Proto-Germanic *sēaną (“to sow”).[2]
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈsa/
References
- “sa” in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega, SLI - ILGA 2006-2013.
- Coromines, Joan; Pascual, José A. (1991–1997). Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico. Madrid: Gredos, s.v. sala.
- Piel, J. M. (1973), "Betrachtungen zu hisp.-got. *sala, gal.-pg. Sáa, Sá", in Studia Iberica. Festschrift für Hans Flache. München: Francke Verlag. page 463.
Gothic
Guaraní
Haitian Creole
Determiner
sa
Pronoun
sa
Haroi
< 0 | 1 | 2 > |
---|---|---|
Cardinal : sa | ||
Etymology
From Proto-Chamic *sa, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *əsa, from Proto-Sunda-Sulawesi *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əsa, from Proto-Austronesian *əsa.
Ido
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /sa/
Determiner
sa
- (archaic) Alternative form of sua.
- 1909-1910, Progreso – duesma yaro, page 40:
- Segun sa opiniono la max (maxim) importanta neceso por I.L. esas la max granda perfekteso, e ne la amaso di adheranti, [...]
- According to his opionion the most important necessity for an I.L. is the perfection, and not the amount of adherents, [...]
- Segun sa opiniono la max (maxim) importanta neceso por I.L. esas la max granda perfekteso, e ne la amaso di adheranti, [...]
- 1909-1910, Progreso – duesma yaro, page 40:
Indonesian
< 0 | 1 | 2 > |
---|---|---|
Cardinal : sa | ||
Etymology
Shortened form of esa, from Malay se, from Proto-Malayic *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *əsa, from Proto-Sunda-Sulawesi *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əsa, from Proto-Austronesian *əsa.
Irish
Etymology
From earlier ins an, from Old Irish issin(d), from Proto-Celtic *in sindū/sindai (“in the m sg/f sg dative”) and *in sindom/sindam (“into the m sg/f sg accusative”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /sˠə/
Contraction
sa
Usage notes
This contraction is obligatory, i.e. *i an never appears uncontracted. Used before consonant sounds only. Triggers lenition of b, c, f, g, m, and p in Munster varieties and eclipsis in the Ulster and Connacht varieties. Changes initial s to ts in feminine nouns and, in some varieties, masculine nouns.
Related terms
Basic form | Contracted with | Copular forms | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
an (“the sg”) | na (“the pl”) | mo (“my”) | do (“your”) | a (“his, her, their; which (present)”) | ár (“our”) | ar (“which (past)”) | (before consonant) | (present/future before vowel) | (past/conditional before vowel) | |
de (“from”) | den | de na desna* | de mo dem* | de do ded*, det* | dá | dár | dar | darb | darbh | |
do (“to, for”) | don | do na dosna* | do mo dom* | do do dod*, dot* | dá | dár | dar | darb | darbh | |
faoi (“under, about”) | faoin | faoi na | faoi mo | faoi do | faoina | faoinár | faoinar | faoinarb | faoinarbh | |
fara (“along with, beside”) | fairis an | fairis na | fara mo | fara do | farana | faranár | faranar | faranarb | faranarbh | |
i (“in”) | sa, san | sna | i mo im* | i do id*, it* | ina | inár | inar | inarb | inarbh | |
le (“with”) | leis an | leis na | le mo lem* | le do led*, let* | lena | lenár | lenar | lenarb | lenarbh | |
ó (“from, since”) | ón | ó na ósna* | ó mo óm* | ó do ód*, ót* | óna | ónár | ónar | ónarb | ónarbh | |
trí (“through”) | tríd an | trí na | trí mo | trí do | trína | trínár | trínar | trínarb | trínarbh | |
*Dialectal. |
Further reading
- "sa" in Foclóir Gaeilge-Béarla, An Gúm, 1977, by Niall Ó Dónaill.
- Entries containing “sa” in English-Irish Dictionary, An Gúm, 1959, by Tomás de Bhaldraithe.
- Entries containing “sa” in New English-Irish Dictionary by Foras na Gaeilge.
Italian
Alternative forms
- sà (misspelling)
Pronunciation
- Rhymes: -a
Verb
sa
- third-person singular present indicative of sapere
- Giovanni sa dov'è Laura. ― Giovanni knows where Laura is.
Jarai
< 0 | 1 | 2 > |
---|---|---|
Cardinal : sa | ||
Etymology
From Proto-Chamic *sa, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *əsa, from Proto-Sunda-Sulawesi *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əsa, from Proto-Austronesian *əsa.
Kamakan
Alternative forms
- zan (Kamakan)
References
- Chestmir Loukotka, La família lingüística Kamakan del Brasil
- Márcio Silva Martins Andérbio, Revisão da família lingüística Kamakã proposta por Chestmir Loukotka (thesis, Université de Brasilia, 2007 page 52)
Ligurian
Livonian
Alternative forms
Etymology
See etymology at Finnish sinä.
Declension
singular (ikšlug) | plural (pǟgiņlug) | |
---|---|---|
nominative (nominatīv) | sinā sa |
tēg teg |
genitive (genitīv) | sin | täd |
partitive (partitīv) | sīnda | tēḑi |
dative (datīv) | sinnõn sin |
täddõn tän |
instrumental (instrumentāl) | sinkõks | tädkõks |
illative (illatīv) | sinnõ sinnõz |
tēži |
inessive (inesīv) | sinsõ | tēši |
elative (elatīv) | sinstõ | tēšti |
References
Renāte Blumberga, Tapio Mäkeläinen, Karl Pajusalu (2013), Lībieši: vēsture, valoda un kultūra, Rīga: Līvõ Kultūr sidām, →ISBN
Lower Sorbian
Malay
< 0 | 1 | 2 > |
---|---|---|
Cardinal : sa | ||
Etymology
Shortened form of esa, from Proto-Malayic *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *əsa, from Proto-Sunda-Sulawesi *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əsa, from Proto-Austronesian *əsa.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /sə/
- Rhymes: -sə, -ə
Maltese
Etymology
Probably from Arabic حَتَّى (ḥattā, “until; as far as; even”). The form, though without doubt unusual, might be explained from earlier *ħta by assimilation in fast speech. Compare Moroccan Arabic حتى (ḥta). Compare also Spanish hasta, which, if related, might point to the existence of an obsolete Maghrebi variant *ḥastā. Joseph Aquilina preferred to derive the Maltese form from a contraction of Italian sino a, variant of fino a (“until; as far as”). Both may also have reinforced each other.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /sa/
Mandarin
Usage notes
- English transcriptions of Mandarin speech often fail to distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without the appropriate indication of tone.
Masalit
References
- Timothy Leffel, Focus constructions in Masalit (New York University, 05/31/2011)
Matal
Etymology 1
Likely from Proto-Chadic *sa (“to drink”).[1]
Verb
sa
- to drink
- Kà uwana may azà à gi, kavàw à gi tatak may, nəlay akə̀s à gi, katə̀ɗàw gi iyaw gəsà, gəgà məlok gà, kakə̀sàw gi la ahàl səla. (Mata 25:35)[2]
- For I was hungry and you gave me something to eat, I was thirsty and you gave me something to drink (lit: so I drank), I was a stranger and you welcomed me as a guest. (Matthew 25:35)
- Kəla uwabeyuwi uwana asà iyaw aŋa suwa uwanay, nəlay adàkəsay aya (Yuhana 4:13)[3]
- Everyone who drinks of this water will be thirsty again.(John 4:13)
Etymology 2
Likely from Proto-Chadic *(-)sə (“to come”).[4]
Verb
sa
- to come
- La kità Yuhana asà à waŋ, azùw aw, asà aw, ŋgaha azladza tagòɗ kà: 'Masla la masasəɗok mawisiga.' (Mata 11:18)[5]
- For John came neither eating nor drinking, and they say, ‘He has a demon!’ (Matthew 11:18)
- La mavakay uwatà Yesu asà à uda la kay, ŋgaha ahàd adzà madzay la gay dərəv kà matapla tatak à azladza. (Matthew 13:1)[6]
- On that day Jesus came out of the house and was sitting by the sea. (Matthew 13:1)
References
- Newman, Paul (1977) Chadic Classification and Reconstructions (Afroasiatic Linguistics; 5), Malibu: Undena
- http://listen.bible.is/MFHWYI/Matt/25#35
- http://listen.bible.is/MFHWYI/John/4#13
- Newman, Paul (1977) Chadic Classification and Reconstructions (Afroasiatic Linguistics; 5), Malibu: Undena
- http://listen.bible.is/MFHWYI/Matt/11#18
- http://listen.bible.is/MFHWYI/Matt/13#1
- http://listen.bible.is/MFHWYI/Rev/9
Minangkabau
< 0 | 1 | 2 > |
---|---|---|
Cardinal : sa | ||
Etymology
From Proto-Malayic *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *əsa, from Proto-Sunda-Sulawesi *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əsa, from Proto-Austronesian *əsa.
Synonyms
Northern Roglai
< 0 | 1 | 2 > |
---|---|---|
Cardinal : sa | ||
Etymology
From Proto-Chamic *sa, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *əsa, from Proto-Sunda-Sulawesi *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əsa, from Proto-Austronesian *əsa.
Norwegian Bokmål
Norwegian Nynorsk
Old French
Old Irish
Pali
Alternative forms
Palu'e
< 0 | 1 | 2 > |
---|---|---|
Cardinal : sa | ||
Etymology
From Proto-Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *isa, *əsa, from Proto-Austronesian *isa, *əsa, *asa.
Papiamentu
Alternative forms
- sabi (synonym)
Etymology
From Portuguese saber and Spanish saber and Kabuverdianu sabe.
Pawaia
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /sá/, [sá]
References
- Phonological Considerations of Pawaia, in Oceania Linguistic Monographs, issues 14-15 (1971)
- Transnewguinea.org, citing both D. Trefry, A comparative study of Kuman and Pawaian (1969) and G. E. MacDonald, The Teberan Language Family, pages 111-121, in The Linguistic Situation in the Gulf District and Adjacent Area, Papua New Guinea (editor K. J. Franklin) (1973)
Rade
< 0 | 1 | 2 > |
---|---|---|
Cardinal : sa | ||
Etymology
From Proto-Chamic *sa, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *əsa, from Proto-Sunda-Sulawesi *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əsa, from Proto-Austronesian *əsa.
Romani
Romanian
Etymology
From Vulgar Latin *sa, from Latin sua, the feminine form of suus.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /sa/
- Rhymes: -a
Sardinian
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /sa/
Scottish Gaelic
Alternative forms
Usage notes
- This form is used before nouns beginning with b, c, g, m or p; otherwise san is used instead.
Serbo-Croatian
Slovak
Etymology
From Proto-Slavic *sę.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /sa/
Pronoun
sa
- Replaces the accusative of any personal pronoun whenever the object, whether expressed or implied, is of the same person as the subject. Typically can be translated as the corresponding version of oneself:
- vidím sa v zrkadle ― I see myself in the mirror
- Koho vidíš v zrkadle? Seba.
- Whom do you see in the mirror? Myself.
- (reflexive) Bound with certain verbs, similar to the Italian si. The pronoun is a part of the verb.
- modliť sa ― to pray
Usage notes
- In regular sentences, it has to be on the 2nd position of the sentence.
- Modlím sa.
- I am praying.
- In sentences in the past tense, sa moves to the third position while the inflected form of the verb byť takes the 2nd position.
- Modlil som sa.
- I was praying.
- In hypothetical sentences, sa moves to the fourth position of the sentences with the inflected form of byť occupying the 3rd position and the pronoun by taking the 2nd position.
- Modlil by som sa, keby...
- I would pray, if ...
See also
Sranan Tongo
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /sa/
Tagalog
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /sa/
Tunica
Vietnamese
Pronunciation
- (Hà Nội) IPA(key): [saː˧˧]
- (Huế) IPA(key): [ʂaː˧˧]
- (Hồ Chí Minh City) IPA(key): [ʂaː˧˧] ~ [saː˧˧]
Etymology 1
Sino-Vietnamese word from 紗.
Alternative forms
Welsh
Verb
sa
- (colloquial, South Wales) first-person singular present negative of bod
- Sa i’n gwybod.
- I don’t know.
- (colloquial) Contraction of basai.
West Frisian
Western Cham
< 0 | 1 | 2 > |
---|---|---|
Cardinal : sa | ||
Etymology
From Proto-Chamic *sa, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *əsa, from Proto-Sunda-Sulawesi *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əsa, from Proto-Austronesian *əsa.
Xaragure
References
- Claire Moyse-Faurie, Constructions expressing middle, reflexive and reciprocal situations in some Oceanic languages, in Reciprocals and Reflexives: Theoretical and Typological Explorations
Zhuang
Pronunciation
- (Standard Zhuang) IPA(key): /θa˨˦/
- Tone numbers: sa1
- Hyphenation: sa
Zulu
Etymology 1
From Proto-Bantu *-kéa.
Inflection
Tone H | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Infinitive | ukusa | ||||||||
Positive | Negative | ||||||||
Infinitive | ukusa | ukungasi | |||||||
Imperative | |||||||||
Simple | + object concord | ||||||||
Singular | yisa | -se | |||||||
Plural | yisani | -seni | |||||||
Present | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngiyasa, ngisa | engisayo, engisa | ngisa | angisi | engingasi | ngingasi | |||
2nd singular | uyasa, usa | osayo, osa | usa | awusi | ongasi | ungasi | |||
1st plural | siyasa, sisa | esisayo, esisa | sisa | asisi | esingasi | singasi | |||
2nd plural | niyasa, nisa | enisayo, enisa | nisa | anisi | eningasi | ningasi | |||
Class 1 | uyasa, usa | osayo, osa | esa | akasi | ongasi | engasi | |||
Class 2 | bayasa, basa | abasayo, abasa | besa | abasi | abangasi | bengasi | |||
Class 3 | uyasa, usa | osayo, osa | usa | awusi | ongasi | ungasi | |||
Class 4 | iyasa, isa | esayo, esa | isa | ayisi | engasi | ingasi | |||
Class 5 | liyasa, lisa | elisayo, elisa | lisa | alisi | elingasi | lingasi | |||
Class 6 | ayasa, asa | asayo, asa | esa | awasi | angasi | engasi | |||
Class 7 | siyasa, sisa | esisayo, esisa | sisa | asisi | esingasi | singasi | |||
Class 8 | ziyasa, zisa | ezisayo, ezisa | zisa | azisi | ezingasi | zingasi | |||
Class 9 | iyasa, isa | esayo, esa | isa | ayisi | engasi | ingasi | |||
Class 10 | ziyasa, zisa | ezisayo, ezisa | zisa | azisi | ezingasi | zingasi | |||
Class 11 | luyasa, lusa | olusayo, olusa | lusa | alusi | olungasi | lungasi | |||
Class 14 | buyasa, busa | obusayo, obusa | busa | abusi | obungasi | bungasi | |||
Class 15 | kuyasa, kusa | okusayo, okusa | kusa | akusi | okungasi | kungasi | |||
Class 17 | kuyasa, kusa | okusayo, okusa | kusa | akusi | okungasi | kungasi | |||
Recent past | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngisile, ngisē | engisile, engisē | ngisile, ngisē | angisanga | engingasanga | ngingasanga | |||
2nd singular | usile, usē | osile, osē | usile, usē | awusanga | ongasanga | ungasanga | |||
1st plural | sisile, sisē | esisile, esisē | sisile, sisē | asisanga | esingasanga | singasanga | |||
2nd plural | nisile, nisē | enisile, enisē | nisile, nisē | anisanga | eningasanga | ningasanga | |||
Class 1 | usile, usē | osile, osē | esile, esē | akasanga | ongasanga | engasanga | |||
Class 2 | basile, basē | abasile, abasē | besile, besē | abasanga | abangasanga | bengasanga | |||
Class 3 | usile, usē | osile, osē | usile, usē | awusanga | ongasanga | ungasanga | |||
Class 4 | isile, isē | esile, esē | isile, isē | ayisanga | engasanga | ingasanga | |||
Class 5 | lisile, lisē | elisile, elisē | lisile, lisē | alisanga | elingasanga | lingasanga | |||
Class 6 | asile, asē | asile, asē | esile, esē | awasanga | angasanga | engasanga | |||
Class 7 | sisile, sisē | esisile, esisē | sisile, sisē | asisanga | esingasanga | singasanga | |||
Class 8 | zisile, zisē | ezisile, ezisē | zisile, zisē | azisanga | ezingasanga | zingasanga | |||
Class 9 | isile, isē | esile, esē | isile, isē | ayisanga | engasanga | ingasanga | |||
Class 10 | zisile, zisē | ezisile, ezisē | zisile, zisē | azisanga | ezingasanga | zingasanga | |||
Class 11 | lusile, lusē | olusile, olusē | lusile, lusē | alusanga | olungasanga | lungasanga | |||
Class 14 | busile, busē | obusile, obusē | busile, busē | abusanga | obungasanga | bungasanga | |||
Class 15 | kusile, kusē | okusile, okusē | kusile, kusē | akusanga | okungasanga | kungasanga | |||
Class 17 | kusile, kusē | okusile, okusē | kusile, kusē | akusanga | okungasanga | kungasanga | |||
Remote past | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngāsa | engāsa | ngāsa | angisanga | engingasanga | ngingasanga | |||
2nd singular | wāsa | owāsa | wāsa | awusanga | ongasanga | ungasanga | |||
1st plural | sāsa | esāsa | sāsa | asisanga | esingasanga | singasanga | |||
2nd plural | nāsa | enāsa | nāsa | anisanga | eningasanga | ningasanga | |||
Class 1 | wāsa | owāsa | āsa | akasanga | ongasanga | engasanga | |||
Class 2 | bāsa | abāsa | bāsa | abasanga | abangasanga | bengasanga | |||
Class 3 | wāsa | owāsa | wāsa | awusanga | ongasanga | ungasanga | |||
Class 4 | yāsa | eyāsa | yāsa | ayisanga | engasanga | ingasanga | |||
Class 5 | lāsa | elāsa | lāsa | alisanga | elingasanga | lingasanga | |||
Class 6 | āsa | āsa | āsa | awasanga | angasanga | engasanga | |||
Class 7 | sāsa | esāsa | sāsa | asisanga | esingasanga | singasanga | |||
Class 8 | zāsa | ezāsa | zāsa | azisanga | ezingasanga | zingasanga | |||
Class 9 | yāsa | eyāsa | yāsa | ayisanga | engasanga | ingasanga | |||
Class 10 | zāsa | ezāsa | zāsa | azisanga | ezingasanga | zingasanga | |||
Class 11 | lwāsa | olwāsa | lwāsa | alusanga | olungasanga | lungasanga | |||
Class 14 | bāsa | obāsa | bāsa | abusanga | obungasanga | bungasanga | |||
Class 15 | kwāsa | okwāsa | kwāsa | akusanga | okungasanga | kungasanga | |||
Class 17 | kwāsa | okwāsa | kwāsa | akusanga | okungasanga | kungasanga | |||
Potential | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngingasa | — | ngingasa | ngingese | — | ngingese | |||
2nd singular | ungasa | — | ungasa | ungese | — | ungese | |||
1st plural | singasa | — | singasa | singese | — | singese | |||
2nd plural | ningasa | — | ningasa | ningese | — | ningese | |||
Class 1 | angasa | — | engasa | angese | — | engese | |||
Class 2 | bangasa | — | bengasa | bangese | — | bengese | |||
Class 3 | ungasa | — | ungasa | ungese | — | ungese | |||
Class 4 | ingasa | — | ingasa | ingese | — | ingese | |||
Class 5 | lingasa | — | lingasa | lingese | — | lingese | |||
Class 6 | angasa | — | engasa | angese | — | engese | |||
Class 7 | singasa | — | singasa | singese | — | singese | |||
Class 8 | zingasa | — | zingasa | zingese | — | zingese | |||
Class 9 | ingasa | — | ingasa | ingese | — | ingese | |||
Class 10 | zingasa | — | zingasa | zingese | — | zingese | |||
Class 11 | lungasa | — | lungasa | lungese | — | lungese | |||
Class 14 | bungasa | — | bungasa | bungese | — | bungese | |||
Class 15 | kungasa | — | kungasa | kungese | — | kungese | |||
Class 17 | kungasa | — | kungasa | kungese | — | kungese | |||
Immediate future | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngizokusa | engizokusa | ngizokusa | angizukusa | engingezukusa | ngingezukusa | |||
2nd singular | uzokusa | ozokusa | uzokusa | awuzukusa | ongezukusa | ungezukusa | |||
1st plural | sizokusa | esizokusa | sizokusa | asizukusa | esingezukusa | singezukusa | |||
2nd plural | nizokusa | enizokusa | nizokusa | anizukusa | eningezukusa | ningezukusa | |||
Class 1 | uzokusa | ozokusa | ezokusa | akazukusa | ongezukusa | engezukusa | |||
Class 2 | bazokusa | abazokusa | bezokusa | abazukusa | abangezukusa | bengezukusa | |||
Class 3 | uzokusa | ozokusa | uzokusa | awuzukusa | ongezukusa | ungezukusa | |||
Class 4 | izokusa | ezokusa | izokusa | ayizukusa | engezukusa | ingezukusa | |||
Class 5 | lizokusa | elizokusa | lizokusa | alizukusa | elingezukusa | lingezukusa | |||
Class 6 | azokusa | azokusa | ezokusa | awazukusa | angezukusa | engezukusa | |||
Class 7 | sizokusa | esizokusa | sizokusa | asizukusa | esingezukusa | singezukusa | |||
Class 8 | zizokusa | ezizokusa | zizokusa | azizukusa | ezingezukusa | zingezukusa | |||
Class 9 | izokusa | ezokusa | izokusa | ayizukusa | engezukusa | ingezukusa | |||
Class 10 | zizokusa | ezizokusa | zizokusa | azizukusa | ezingezukusa | zingezukusa | |||
Class 11 | luzokusa | oluzokusa | luzokusa | aluzukusa | olungezukusa | lungezukusa | |||
Class 14 | buzokusa | obuzokusa | buzokusa | abuzukusa | obungezukusa | bungezukusa | |||
Class 15 | kuzokusa | okuzokusa | kuzokusa | akuzukusa | okungezukusa | kungezukusa | |||
Class 17 | kuzokusa | okuzokusa | kuzokusa | akuzukusa | okungezukusa | kungezukusa | |||
Remote future | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngiyokusa | engiyokusa | ngiyokusa | angiyukusa | engingeyukusa | ngingeyukusa | |||
2nd singular | uyokusa | oyokusa | uyokusa | awuyukusa | ongeyukusa | ungeyukusa | |||
1st plural | siyokusa | esiyokusa | siyokusa | asiyukusa | esingeyukusa | singeyukusa | |||
2nd plural | niyokusa | eniyokusa | niyokusa | aniyukusa | eningeyukusa | ningeyukusa | |||
Class 1 | uyokusa | oyokusa | eyokusa | akayukusa | ongeyukusa | engeyukusa | |||
Class 2 | bayokusa | abayokusa | beyokusa | abayukusa | abangeyukusa | bengeyukusa | |||
Class 3 | uyokusa | oyokusa | uyokusa | awuyukusa | ongeyukusa | ungeyukusa | |||
Class 4 | iyokusa | eyokusa | iyokusa | ayiyukusa | engeyukusa | ingeyukusa | |||
Class 5 | liyokusa | eliyokusa | liyokusa | aliyukusa | elingeyukusa | lingeyukusa | |||
Class 6 | ayokusa | ayokusa | eyokusa | awayukusa | angeyukusa | engeyukusa | |||
Class 7 | siyokusa | esiyokusa | siyokusa | asiyukusa | esingeyukusa | singeyukusa | |||
Class 8 | ziyokusa | eziyokusa | ziyokusa | aziyukusa | ezingeyukusa | zingeyukusa | |||
Class 9 | iyokusa | eyokusa | iyokusa | ayiyukusa | engeyukusa | ingeyukusa | |||
Class 10 | ziyokusa | eziyokusa | ziyokusa | aziyukusa | ezingeyukusa | zingeyukusa | |||
Class 11 | luyokusa | oluyokusa | luyokusa | aluyukusa | olungeyukusa | lungeyukusa | |||
Class 14 | buyokusa | obuyokusa | buyokusa | abuyukusa | obungeyukusa | bungeyukusa | |||
Class 15 | kuyokusa | okuyokusa | kuyokusa | akuyukusa | okungeyukusa | kungeyukusa | |||
Class 17 | kuyokusa | okuyokusa | kuyokusa | akuyukusa | okungeyukusa | kungeyukusa | |||
Present subjunctive | |||||||||
Positive | Negative | ||||||||
1st singular | ngise | ngingasi | |||||||
2nd singular | use | ungasi | |||||||
1st plural | sise | singasi | |||||||
2nd plural | nise | ningasi | |||||||
Class 1 | ase | angasi | |||||||
Class 2 | base | bangasi | |||||||
Class 3 | use | ungasi | |||||||
Class 4 | ise | ingasi | |||||||
Class 5 | lise | lingasi | |||||||
Class 6 | ase | angasi | |||||||
Class 7 | sise | singasi | |||||||
Class 8 | zise | zingasi | |||||||
Class 9 | ise | ingasi | |||||||
Class 10 | zise | zingasi | |||||||
Class 11 | luse | lungasi | |||||||
Class 14 | buse | bungasi | |||||||
Class 15 | kuse | kungasi | |||||||
Class 17 | kuse | kungasi | |||||||
Past subjunctive | |||||||||
Positive | Negative | ||||||||
1st singular | ngasa | ngangasa, angasa, angangasa | |||||||
2nd singular | wasa | wangasa, awasa, awangasa | |||||||
1st plural | sasa | sangasa, asasa, asangasa | |||||||
2nd plural | nasa | nangasa, anasa, anangasa | |||||||
Class 1 | wasa | wangasa, akasa, akangasa | |||||||
Class 2 | basa | bangasa, abasa, abangasa | |||||||
Class 3 | wasa | wangasa, awasa, awangasa | |||||||
Class 4 | yasa | yangasa, ayasa, ayangasa | |||||||
Class 5 | lasa | langasa, alasa, alangasa | |||||||
Class 6 | asa | angasa, awasa, awangasa | |||||||
Class 7 | sasa | sangasa, asasa, asangasa | |||||||
Class 8 | zasa | zangasa, azasa, azangasa | |||||||
Class 9 | yasa | yangasa, ayasa, ayangasa | |||||||
Class 10 | zasa | zangasa, azasa, azangasa | |||||||
Class 11 | lwasa | lwangasa, alwasa, alwangasa | |||||||
Class 14 | basa | bangasa, abasa, abangasa | |||||||
Class 15 | kwasa | kwangasa, akwasa, akwangasa | |||||||
Class 17 | kwasa | kwangasa, akwasa, akwangasa |
Inflection
Tone L | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Infinitive | ukusa | ||||||||
Positive | Negative | ||||||||
Infinitive | ukusa | ukungasi | |||||||
Imperative | |||||||||
Simple | + object concord | ||||||||
Singular | yisa | -se | |||||||
Plural | yisani | -seni | |||||||
Present | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngiyasa, ngisa | engisayo, engisa | ngisa | angisi | engingasi | ngingasi | |||
2nd singular | uyasa, usa | osayo, osa | usa | awusi | ongasi | ungasi | |||
1st plural | siyasa, sisa | esisayo, esisa | sisa | asisi | esingasi | singasi | |||
2nd plural | niyasa, nisa | enisayo, enisa | nisa | anisi | eningasi | ningasi | |||
Class 1 | uyasa, usa | osayo, osa | esa | akasi | ongasi | engasi | |||
Class 2 | bayasa, basa | abasayo, abasa | besa | abasi | abangasi | bengasi | |||
Class 3 | uyasa, usa | osayo, osa | usa | awusi | ongasi | ungasi | |||
Class 4 | iyasa, isa | esayo, esa | isa | ayisi | engasi | ingasi | |||
Class 5 | liyasa, lisa | elisayo, elisa | lisa | alisi | elingasi | lingasi | |||
Class 6 | ayasa, asa | asayo, asa | esa | awasi | angasi | engasi | |||
Class 7 | siyasa, sisa | esisayo, esisa | sisa | asisi | esingasi | singasi | |||
Class 8 | ziyasa, zisa | ezisayo, ezisa | zisa | azisi | ezingasi | zingasi | |||
Class 9 | iyasa, isa | esayo, esa | isa | ayisi | engasi | ingasi | |||
Class 10 | ziyasa, zisa | ezisayo, ezisa | zisa | azisi | ezingasi | zingasi | |||
Class 11 | luyasa, lusa | olusayo, olusa | lusa | alusi | olungasi | lungasi | |||
Class 14 | buyasa, busa | obusayo, obusa | busa | abusi | obungasi | bungasi | |||
Class 15 | kuyasa, kusa | okusayo, okusa | kusa | akusi | okungasi | kungasi | |||
Class 17 | kuyasa, kusa | okusayo, okusa | kusa | akusi | okungasi | kungasi | |||
Recent past | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngisile, ngisē | engisile, engisē | ngisile, ngisē | angisanga | engingasanga | ngingasanga | |||
2nd singular | usile, usē | osile, osē | usile, usē | awusanga | ongasanga | ungasanga | |||
1st plural | sisile, sisē | esisile, esisē | sisile, sisē | asisanga | esingasanga | singasanga | |||
2nd plural | nisile, nisē | enisile, enisē | nisile, nisē | anisanga | eningasanga | ningasanga | |||
Class 1 | usile, usē | osile, osē | esile, esē | akasanga | ongasanga | engasanga | |||
Class 2 | basile, basē | abasile, abasē | besile, besē | abasanga | abangasanga | bengasanga | |||
Class 3 | usile, usē | osile, osē | usile, usē | awusanga | ongasanga | ungasanga | |||
Class 4 | isile, isē | esile, esē | isile, isē | ayisanga | engasanga | ingasanga | |||
Class 5 | lisile, lisē | elisile, elisē | lisile, lisē | alisanga | elingasanga | lingasanga | |||
Class 6 | asile, asē | asile, asē | esile, esē | awasanga | angasanga | engasanga | |||
Class 7 | sisile, sisē | esisile, esisē | sisile, sisē | asisanga | esingasanga | singasanga | |||
Class 8 | zisile, zisē | ezisile, ezisē | zisile, zisē | azisanga | ezingasanga | zingasanga | |||
Class 9 | isile, isē | esile, esē | isile, isē | ayisanga | engasanga | ingasanga | |||
Class 10 | zisile, zisē | ezisile, ezisē | zisile, zisē | azisanga | ezingasanga | zingasanga | |||
Class 11 | lusile, lusē | olusile, olusē | lusile, lusē | alusanga | olungasanga | lungasanga | |||
Class 14 | busile, busē | obusile, obusē | busile, busē | abusanga | obungasanga | bungasanga | |||
Class 15 | kusile, kusē | okusile, okusē | kusile, kusē | akusanga | okungasanga | kungasanga | |||
Class 17 | kusile, kusē | okusile, okusē | kusile, kusē | akusanga | okungasanga | kungasanga | |||
Remote past | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngāsa | engāsa | ngāsa | angisanga | engingasanga | ngingasanga | |||
2nd singular | wāsa | owāsa | wāsa | awusanga | ongasanga | ungasanga | |||
1st plural | sāsa | esāsa | sāsa | asisanga | esingasanga | singasanga | |||
2nd plural | nāsa | enāsa | nāsa | anisanga | eningasanga | ningasanga | |||
Class 1 | wāsa | owāsa | āsa | akasanga | ongasanga | engasanga | |||
Class 2 | bāsa | abāsa | bāsa | abasanga | abangasanga | bengasanga | |||
Class 3 | wāsa | owāsa | wāsa | awusanga | ongasanga | ungasanga | |||
Class 4 | yāsa | eyāsa | yāsa | ayisanga | engasanga | ingasanga | |||
Class 5 | lāsa | elāsa | lāsa | alisanga | elingasanga | lingasanga | |||
Class 6 | āsa | āsa | āsa | awasanga | angasanga | engasanga | |||
Class 7 | sāsa | esāsa | sāsa | asisanga | esingasanga | singasanga | |||
Class 8 | zāsa | ezāsa | zāsa | azisanga | ezingasanga | zingasanga | |||
Class 9 | yāsa | eyāsa | yāsa | ayisanga | engasanga | ingasanga | |||
Class 10 | zāsa | ezāsa | zāsa | azisanga | ezingasanga | zingasanga | |||
Class 11 | lwāsa | olwāsa | lwāsa | alusanga | olungasanga | lungasanga | |||
Class 14 | bāsa | obāsa | bāsa | abusanga | obungasanga | bungasanga | |||
Class 15 | kwāsa | okwāsa | kwāsa | akusanga | okungasanga | kungasanga | |||
Class 17 | kwāsa | okwāsa | kwāsa | akusanga | okungasanga | kungasanga | |||
Potential | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngingasa | — | ngingasa | ngingese | — | ngingese | |||
2nd singular | ungasa | — | ungasa | ungese | — | ungese | |||
1st plural | singasa | — | singasa | singese | — | singese | |||
2nd plural | ningasa | — | ningasa | ningese | — | ningese | |||
Class 1 | angasa | — | engasa | angese | — | engese | |||
Class 2 | bangasa | — | bengasa | bangese | — | bengese | |||
Class 3 | ungasa | — | ungasa | ungese | — | ungese | |||
Class 4 | ingasa | — | ingasa | ingese | — | ingese | |||
Class 5 | lingasa | — | lingasa | lingese | — | lingese | |||
Class 6 | angasa | — | engasa | angese | — | engese | |||
Class 7 | singasa | — | singasa | singese | — | singese | |||
Class 8 | zingasa | — | zingasa | zingese | — | zingese | |||
Class 9 | ingasa | — | ingasa | ingese | — | ingese | |||
Class 10 | zingasa | — | zingasa | zingese | — | zingese | |||
Class 11 | lungasa | — | lungasa | lungese | — | lungese | |||
Class 14 | bungasa | — | bungasa | bungese | — | bungese | |||
Class 15 | kungasa | — | kungasa | kungese | — | kungese | |||
Class 17 | kungasa | — | kungasa | kungese | — | kungese | |||
Immediate future | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngizokusa | engizokusa | ngizokusa | angizukusa | engingezukusa | ngingezukusa | |||
2nd singular | uzokusa | ozokusa | uzokusa | awuzukusa | ongezukusa | ungezukusa | |||
1st plural | sizokusa | esizokusa | sizokusa | asizukusa | esingezukusa | singezukusa | |||
2nd plural | nizokusa | enizokusa | nizokusa | anizukusa | eningezukusa | ningezukusa | |||
Class 1 | uzokusa | ozokusa | ezokusa | akazukusa | ongezukusa | engezukusa | |||
Class 2 | bazokusa | abazokusa | bezokusa | abazukusa | abangezukusa | bengezukusa | |||
Class 3 | uzokusa | ozokusa | uzokusa | awuzukusa | ongezukusa | ungezukusa | |||
Class 4 | izokusa | ezokusa | izokusa | ayizukusa | engezukusa | ingezukusa | |||
Class 5 | lizokusa | elizokusa | lizokusa | alizukusa | elingezukusa | lingezukusa | |||
Class 6 | azokusa | azokusa | ezokusa | awazukusa | angezukusa | engezukusa | |||
Class 7 | sizokusa | esizokusa | sizokusa | asizukusa | esingezukusa | singezukusa | |||
Class 8 | zizokusa | ezizokusa | zizokusa | azizukusa | ezingezukusa | zingezukusa | |||
Class 9 | izokusa | ezokusa | izokusa | ayizukusa | engezukusa | ingezukusa | |||
Class 10 | zizokusa | ezizokusa | zizokusa | azizukusa | ezingezukusa | zingezukusa | |||
Class 11 | luzokusa | oluzokusa | luzokusa | aluzukusa | olungezukusa | lungezukusa | |||
Class 14 | buzokusa | obuzokusa | buzokusa | abuzukusa | obungezukusa | bungezukusa | |||
Class 15 | kuzokusa | okuzokusa | kuzokusa | akuzukusa | okungezukusa | kungezukusa | |||
Class 17 | kuzokusa | okuzokusa | kuzokusa | akuzukusa | okungezukusa | kungezukusa | |||
Remote future | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngiyokusa | engiyokusa | ngiyokusa | angiyukusa | engingeyukusa | ngingeyukusa | |||
2nd singular | uyokusa | oyokusa | uyokusa | awuyukusa | ongeyukusa | ungeyukusa | |||
1st plural | siyokusa | esiyokusa | siyokusa | asiyukusa | esingeyukusa | singeyukusa | |||
2nd plural | niyokusa | eniyokusa | niyokusa | aniyukusa | eningeyukusa | ningeyukusa | |||
Class 1 | uyokusa | oyokusa | eyokusa | akayukusa | ongeyukusa | engeyukusa | |||
Class 2 | bayokusa | abayokusa | beyokusa | abayukusa | abangeyukusa | bengeyukusa | |||
Class 3 | uyokusa | oyokusa | uyokusa | awuyukusa | ongeyukusa | ungeyukusa | |||
Class 4 | iyokusa | eyokusa | iyokusa | ayiyukusa | engeyukusa | ingeyukusa | |||
Class 5 | liyokusa | eliyokusa | liyokusa | aliyukusa | elingeyukusa | lingeyukusa | |||
Class 6 | ayokusa | ayokusa | eyokusa | awayukusa | angeyukusa | engeyukusa | |||
Class 7 | siyokusa | esiyokusa | siyokusa | asiyukusa | esingeyukusa | singeyukusa | |||
Class 8 | ziyokusa | eziyokusa | ziyokusa | aziyukusa | ezingeyukusa | zingeyukusa | |||
Class 9 | iyokusa | eyokusa | iyokusa | ayiyukusa | engeyukusa | ingeyukusa | |||
Class 10 | ziyokusa | eziyokusa | ziyokusa | aziyukusa | ezingeyukusa | zingeyukusa | |||
Class 11 | luyokusa | oluyokusa | luyokusa | aluyukusa | olungeyukusa | lungeyukusa | |||
Class 14 | buyokusa | obuyokusa | buyokusa | abuyukusa | obungeyukusa | bungeyukusa | |||
Class 15 | kuyokusa | okuyokusa | kuyokusa | akuyukusa | okungeyukusa | kungeyukusa | |||
Class 17 | kuyokusa | okuyokusa | kuyokusa | akuyukusa | okungeyukusa | kungeyukusa | |||
Present subjunctive | |||||||||
Positive | Negative | ||||||||
1st singular | ngise | ngingasi | |||||||
2nd singular | use | ungasi | |||||||
1st plural | sise | singasi | |||||||
2nd plural | nise | ningasi | |||||||
Class 1 | ase | angasi | |||||||
Class 2 | base | bangasi | |||||||
Class 3 | use | ungasi | |||||||
Class 4 | ise | ingasi | |||||||
Class 5 | lise | lingasi | |||||||
Class 6 | ase | angasi | |||||||
Class 7 | sise | singasi | |||||||
Class 8 | zise | zingasi | |||||||
Class 9 | ise | ingasi | |||||||
Class 10 | zise | zingasi | |||||||
Class 11 | luse | lungasi | |||||||
Class 14 | buse | bungasi | |||||||
Class 15 | kuse | kungasi | |||||||
Class 17 | kuse | kungasi | |||||||
Past subjunctive | |||||||||
Positive | Negative | ||||||||
1st singular | ngasa | ngangasa, angasa, angangasa | |||||||
2nd singular | wasa | wangasa, awasa, awangasa | |||||||
1st plural | sasa | sangasa, asasa, asangasa | |||||||
2nd plural | nasa | nangasa, anasa, anangasa | |||||||
Class 1 | wasa | wangasa, akasa, akangasa | |||||||
Class 2 | basa | bangasa, abasa, abangasa | |||||||
Class 3 | wasa | wangasa, awasa, awangasa | |||||||
Class 4 | yasa | yangasa, ayasa, ayangasa | |||||||
Class 5 | lasa | langasa, alasa, alangasa | |||||||
Class 6 | asa | angasa, awasa, awangasa | |||||||
Class 7 | sasa | sangasa, asasa, asangasa | |||||||
Class 8 | zasa | zangasa, azasa, azangasa | |||||||
Class 9 | yasa | yangasa, ayasa, ayangasa | |||||||
Class 10 | zasa | zangasa, azasa, azangasa | |||||||
Class 11 | lwasa | lwangasa, alwasa, alwangasa | |||||||
Class 14 | basa | bangasa, abasa, abangasa | |||||||
Class 15 | kwasa | kwangasa, akwasa, akwangasa | |||||||
Class 17 | kwasa | kwangasa, akwasa, akwangasa |
References
- C. M. Doke; B. W. Vilakazi (1972), “sa”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “sa”
- C. M. Doke; B. W. Vilakazi (1972), “sa”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “sa”