U+6D77, 海
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6D77

[U+6D76]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+6D78]
U+FA45, 海
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-FA45

[U+FA44]
CJK Compatibility Ideographs
[U+FA46]
海 U+2F901, 海
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F901
派
[U+2F900]
CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement 流
[U+2F902]

Translingual

Japanese
Simplified
Traditional
Stroke order

Alternative forms

In Chinese, the bottom right component is with 2 dots, yielding . In Japanese shinjitai, this component is simplified to (1 cross stroke), yielding (+). Both forms are encoded under the same Unicode codepoint – see Han unification.

Han character

(radical 85, +7 in Chinese, 水+6 in Japanese, 10 strokes in Chinese, 9 strokes in Japanese, cangjie input 水人田卜 (EOWY), four-corner 38157, composition(GHTKV or U+FA45) or ⿰(J or U+2F901))

Derived characters

  • , 𢲨, 𤍃, 𫗀, 𥉪, 𤀇, 𦷫, 𬕧, 𩘫,

References

  • KangXi: page 625, character 14
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 17450
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1023, character 11
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 3, page 1627, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+6D77

Chinese

simp. and trad.

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character
Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series () (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
*mɯːs, *mɯː, *mɯːs
*mlɯːʔ, *mɯːʔ
*hmlɯːʔ
*ʔmɯː, *ʔmɯːʔ
*mɯ
*mɯʔ
*mɯʔ
*mɯʔ
*mɯʔ, *mɯs, *maːʔ
*mɯʔ
*mɯʔ
*mɯs, *mɯːʔ, *mɯːs
*mɯs, *mɯː, *mɯːs
*mrɯʔ, *mrɯŋʔ
*mrɯŋʔ
*mrɯŋʔ
*ma
*mɯː
*mɯː
*mɯː
*mɯːʔ
*mɯːs
*mɯːs, *hmɯːs
*hmɯːs
*hmɯːs
*hmɯːʔ, *hmɯːs
*mrɯl

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *hmlɯːʔ) : semantic  (water) + phonetic  (OC *mɯːʔ).

Etymology

Probably related to (OC *hmɯːs, “dark”); in numerous Zhou texts is described as (Schuessler, 2007).

Compare the parallelism in Chinese: (OC *meːŋ, *meːŋʔ, “ocean”) < (OC *meːŋ, “dark”).

Pronunciation



  • Dialectal data
Variety Location
Mandarin Beijing /xai²¹⁴/
Harbin /xai²¹³/
Tianjin /xai¹³/
Jinan /xɛ⁵⁵/
Qingdao /xɛ⁵⁵/
Zhengzhou /xai⁵³/
Xi'an /xai⁵³/
Xining /xɛ⁵³/
Yinchuan /xɛ⁵³/
Lanzhou /xɛ⁴⁴²/
Ürümqi /xai⁵¹/
Wuhan /xai⁴²/
Chengdu /xai⁵³/
Guiyang /xai⁴²/
Kunming /xæ⁵³/
Nanjing /xae²¹²/
Hefei /xe̞²⁴/
Jin Taiyuan /xai⁵³/
Pingyao /xæ⁵³/
Hohhot /xɛ⁵³/
Wu Shanghai /he³⁵/
Suzhou /he̞⁵¹/
Hangzhou /he̞⁵³/
Wenzhou /he³⁵/
Hui Shexian /xɛ³⁵/
Tunxi /xuə³¹/
Xiang Changsha /xai⁴¹/
Xiangtan /xai⁴²/
Gan Nanchang /hai²¹³/
Hakka Meixian /hoi³¹/
Taoyuan /hoi³¹/
Cantonese Guangzhou /hɔi³⁵/
Nanning /hɔi³⁵/
Hong Kong /hɔi³⁵/
Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /hai⁵³/
Fuzhou (Min Dong) /hai³²/
Jian'ou (Min Bei) /xuɛ²¹/
Shantou (Min Nan) /hai⁵³/
Haikou (Min Nan) /hai²¹³/

Rime
Character
Reading # 1/1
Initial () (32)
Final () (41)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division () I
Fanqie
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/hʌiX/
Pan
Wuyun
/həiX/
Shao
Rongfen
/xɒiX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/həjX/
Li
Rong
/xᴀiX/
Wang
Li
/xɒiX/
Bernard
Karlgren
/xɑ̆iX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
hǎi
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
hǎi
Middle
Chinese
‹ xojX ›
Old
Chinese
/*m̥ˁəʔ/ (dialect *m̥ˁ- > x-)
English sea

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 1/1
No. 9283
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
0
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*hmlɯːʔ/

Definitions

  1. sea; ocean
  2. big lake
  3. (Cantonese) wide river
  4. overseas; abroad
  5. (figuratively) sea; abundance; infiniteness
  6. (regional) profuse; numerous
  7. unrestrainedly; randomly; casually
  8. A surname. Hai (mainland China, Taiwan), Hoi (Hong Kong)

Descendants

  • Bouyei: haaic
  • Zhuang: haij

Compounds


Japanese

Shinjitai

Kyūjitai

Kanji

(grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. sea, ocean
  2. vastly gathered
  3. large, wide

Readings

Compounds

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
うみ
Grade: 2
kun’yomi

⟨umi1 → */umij//umi/

From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *omi.

Has been thought to have been derived from a compound. There are two leading theories regarding the ultimate derivation:

  • Shift from (ō-, big, great) + (mi, water, combining form).[1] This is problematic phonetically because there is no known term having a related shift from /opo//oː//o//u/, and semantically as there already exists a compound 大水 (ōmizu, flood).
  • From (u-, stem indicating “ocean) + (mi, water, combining form). The u- stem is evident in (uo, fish) and (ushio, salt water; tide)

Pronunciation

Noun

(hiragana うみ, rōmaji umi)

  1. a sea, an ocean
     (うみ) (なか)にはいろんな () (もの) ()らしています。
    Umi no naka ni wa ironna ikimono ga kurashiteimasu.
    There are all sorts of creatures living in the sea.
     (うみ) ()うよ!
    Umi ni ikō yo!
    Let's go to the beach!
    Antonym: (oka, riku)
  2. a lake
    Synonym: (mizuumi)
  3. (figuratively) an object covering over a large area, as in 血の海 (chi no umi, pool of blood) or 火の海 (hi no umi, sea of fire)
  4. (planetology) a mare (dark surface of a celestial body, thought to appear like a sea)
  5. (calligraphy) in a (suzuri, inkstone), a reservoir where water is stored
    Synonym: (ike)
Usage notes

This is the most common general term in modern Japanese for sea or ocean.

Derived terms
Idioms
  •  (うみ) (わた) (umi o wataru, cross over the ocean → go to a foreign country)

Proper noun

(hiragana うみ, rōmaji Umi)

  1. a female given name

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
わた
Grade: 2
kun’yomi

From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *wata.

May be related to Goguryeo 波旦 (padan). Possibly cognate with Korean 바다 (bada, ocean, sea). However, this relies on discredited evidence on an initial *b.

Pronunciation

Noun

(hiragana わた, rōmaji wata)

  1. (obsolete) sea, ocean
Derived terms

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term

Grade: 2
kun’yomi

Either cognate with (mi, water), or an abbreviation of umi above.

Pronunciation

Noun

(hiragana , rōmaji mi)

  1. (obsolete) sea, ocean
Derived terms
  •  (あつ) () (Atsumi)

References

  1. ”, in 日本大百科全書:ニッポニカ (Nippon Dai Hyakka Zensho: Nipponica, Encyclopedia Nipponica) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 1984
  2. 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
  3. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  • 1988, 国語大辞典(新装版) (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan

Korean

Hanja

(eumhun 바다 (bada hae))

  1. sea, ocean

Compounds


Mulam

Noun

(hai3)

  1. sea

Vietnamese

Han character

(hải)

  1. sea, ocean
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