1891

1891 (MDCCCXCI) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1891st year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 891st year of the 2nd millennium, the 91st year of the 19th century, and the 2nd year of the 1890s decade. As of the start of 1891, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

Millennium: 2nd millennium
Centuries:
Decades:
Years:
1891 in topic
Humanities
Archaeology – Architecture – Art
Film - Literature – Music - (jazz)
By country
Australia – Belgium – Brazil – Bulgaria – Canada – Denmark – France – Germany – Mexico – New Zealand – Norway – Philippines – Portugal – Russia – South Africa – Spain – Sweden – United Kingdom – United States – Venezuela
Other topics
Rail transport – Science – Sports
Lists of leaders
Sovereign states – State leaders – Territorial governors – Religious leaders
Birth and death categories
Births – Deaths
Establishments and disestablishments categories
Establishments – Disestablishments
Works category
Works
1891 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar1891
MDCCCXCI
Ab urbe condita2644
Armenian calendar1340
ԹՎ ՌՅԽ
Assyrian calendar6641
Baháʼí calendar47–48
Balinese saka calendar1812–1813
Bengali calendar1298
Berber calendar2841
British Regnal year54 Vict. 1 – 55 Vict. 1
Buddhist calendar2435
Burmese calendar1253
Byzantine calendar7399–7400
Chinese calendar庚寅年 (Metal Tiger)
4587 or 4527
    — to —
辛卯年 (Metal Rabbit)
4588 or 4528
Coptic calendar1607–1608
Discordian calendar3057
Ethiopian calendar1883–1884
Hebrew calendar5651–5652
Hindu calendars
 - Vikram Samvat1947–1948
 - Shaka Samvat1812–1813
 - Kali Yuga4991–4992
Holocene calendar11891
Igbo calendar891–892
Iranian calendar1269–1270
Islamic calendar1308–1309
Japanese calendarMeiji 24
(明治２４年)
Javanese calendar1820–1821
Julian calendarGregorian minus 12 days
Korean calendar4224
Minguo calendar21 before ROC
民前21年
Nanakshahi calendar423
Thai solar calendar2433–2434
Tibetan calendar阳金虎年
(male Iron-Tiger)
2017 or 1636 or 864
    — to —
阴金兔年
(female Iron-Rabbit)
2018 or 1637 or 865
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1891.

Events

January–March
January 21: Hawaii, Queen Lili'Uokalani.
  • January 1
    • Paying of old age pensions begins in Germany.
    • A strike of 500 Hungarian steel workers occurs; 3,000 men are out of work as a consequence.
    • Germany takes formal possession of its new African territories.
  • January 2 – A. L. Drummond of New York is appointed Chief of the Treasury Secret Service.
  • January 4 – The Earl of Zetland issues a declaration regarding the famine in the western counties of Ireland.
  • January 5 – The Australian shearers' strike, that leads indirectly to the foundation of the Australian Labor Party, begins. A fight between the United States and Indians breaks out near Pine Ridge agency. Henry B. Brown, of Michigan, is sworn in as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court. A fight between railway strikers and police breaks out at Motherwell, Scotland.
  • January 6 – Encounters continue, between strikers and the authorities at Glasgow.
  • January 7
    • General Miles's forces surround the natives in the Pine Ridge Reservation.
    • Secretary Tracy relieves Commander Reiter of his ship, on account of the Barrundia Affair.
    • The International Monetary Conference meets in Washington DC.
  • January 8 – Lieutenant Casey of the United States Army is killed by native Americans, at Pine Ridge.
  • January 9 – The great shoe strike in Rochester, New York is called off.
  • January 10 – in France, the Irish Nationalist leaders hold a conference at Boulogne. The French government promptly takes loan.
  • January 11 – 3,000 natives approach Pine Ridge with a view to surrender. Mahoning Valley, Ohio, sixteen blast furnaces shut down, putting 10,000 men out of work. Railroads and coke companies forced to lower prices.
  • January 12 – Canada brings suit before the United States Supreme Court in re seizures of vessels in Bering Sea. St. Mary's Cathedral dedicated in San Francisco.
  • January 13 – In California, Leland Stanford (Rep.) re-elected Senator.
  • January 14 – Conference of Native American chiefs with General Miles at Pine Ridge Reservation, the natives agree to surrender.
  • January 15 – Scottish railway strikers attempt to wreck a train near Greenock, Scotland.
  • January 16 – The Chilean Civil War of 1891 breaks out.[1]
  • January 17 – George Bancroft dies at Washington DC at age 91, all government buildings flying flags lower to half mast until after the funeral.
  • January 19 – General Miles officially announces the end of the native outbreak and congratulates his troops. A British squadron ordered to Chile.
  • January 20 – Jim Hogg becomes the first native Texan to be governor of that state.
  • January 27–May 2 – The Jamaica International Exhibition is held.[2]
  • January 29 – Liliuokalani is proclaimed Queen of Hawaii.
  • January 31 – The Portuguese republican revolution breaks out, in the northern city of Porto.
  • February – The Tobacco Protest begins in Iran.
  • February 14 – In the FA Cup quarter final in English Association football, a goal is deliberately stopped by handball on the goal line. An indirect free kick is awarded, since the penalty kick, proposed the previous year by William McCrum, has not yet been implemented. This event probably changes public opinion on the penalty kick, seen previously as an Irishman's motion.
  • February 15 – Allmänna Idrottsklubben (AIK) sports club is founded in Stockholm, Sweden.
  • February 21 – Springhill, Nova Scotia suffers a serious mining disaster.
  • March 3 – The International Copyright Act of 1891 is passed, by the 51st United States Congress.
  • March 9–12 – The Great Blizzard of 1891 in the south and west of England leads to extensive snow drifts and powerful storms off the south coast, with 14 ships sunk, and approximately 220 deaths attributed to the weather conditions.[3][4]
  • March 12 – Djurgårdens IF (DIF) sports club is founded in Stockholm.
  • March 14 – In New Orleans, a lynch mob storms the Old Parish Prison, and lynches 11 Italians arrested but found innocent of the murder of Police Chief David Hennessy.
  • March 17 – The British steamship SS Utopia, carrying Italian migrants to New York, sinks in the inner harbor of Gibraltar after collision with the battleship HMS Anson, killing 564.[5]
  • March 18 – The London–Paris telephone system officially opens.[6]

April–June
May 5: Tchaikovsky opens Carnegie Hall
May 20: Edison's kinetoscope.

July–September

October–December

Date unknown
  • Brahmin teacher and nationalist Bal Gangadhar Tilak begins agitation for Indian Home Rule.
  • James Naismith invents basketball in the United States.
  • Seattle University is established as the Immaculate Conception school.
  • The Auckland University Students' Association is founded in New Zealand.
  • Maria Skłodowska (later Marie Curie) enters the Sorbonne University.
  • Nikola Tesla invents the Tesla coil.
  • Michelin patents the removable pneumatic bicycle tire.[16]
  • Production of the Swiss Army Knife by Victorinox begins.
  • Philips founded in Eindhoven, Netherlands, for the production of carbon-filament lamps and other electro-technical products.[17]
  • The 1891 census of India is conducted.
  • New Mexico Military Institute is founded (as Goss Military Institute) in Roswell, New Mexico Territory.

Births

January–March
Zora Neale Hurston
Walther Bothe
Antonio Segni
José P. Laurel
Earl Warren

April–June
Ahmad bin Yahya
John A. Costello

July–September
Karl Kobelt
Ethel Roosevelt Derby
Madame Minna Craucher
Karl Dönitz
William McKell
  • July 2 – Karin Kock-Lindberg, Swedish politician (d. 1976)
  • July 5 – John Howard Northrop, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1987)
  • July 7 – Tadamichi Kuribayashi, Imperial Japanese Army general (d. 1945)
  • July 10 – Edith Quimby, American medical researcher, physicist (d. 1982)
  • July 11 – Joseph Sadi-Lecointe, French aviator (d. 1944)
  • July 12 – Jetta Goudal, Dutch-American actress (d. 1985)
  • July 18
    • Billy Sullivan, American actor (d. 1946)
    • Gene Lockhart, Canadian-American actor, singer, and playwright (d. 1957)
  • July 21 – Elmer Ripley, American basketball coach (d. 1982)
  • July 26 – William J. Connors, American politician (d. 1961)
  • July 27 – Jacob van der Hoeden, Dutch-Israeli veterinary scientist (d. 1968)
  • July 28 – Joe E. Brown, American actor, comedian (d. 1973)
  • July 29 – Bernhard Zondek German-born Israeli gynecologist, developer of first reliable pregnancy test (d. 1966)
  • July 30 – Roderic Dallas, Australian World War I fighter ace (d. 1918)
  • August 1
    • Karl Kobelt, 2-time President of the Swiss Confederation (d. 1968)
    • Charles Ritz, French hotelier, fly fisherman (d. 1976)
  • August 2 – Viktor Maksimovich Zhirmunsky, Russian literary historian, linguist (d. 1971)
  • August 11 – Stancho Belkovski, Bulgarian architect, lecturer (d. 1962)
  • August 13 – Ethel Roosevelt Derby, youngest daughter of Theodore Roosevelt (d. 1977)
  • August 14 – Ralph Barton, American artist (d. 1931)
  • August 15
    • Marin Ceaușu, Romanian general (d. 1954)
    • Chief Yowlachie, Native American actor (d. 1966)
  • August 17 – Dulcie Mary Pillers, English medical illustrator (d. 1961)
  • August 21 – Emiliano Mercado del Toro, Puerto Rican supercentenarian, oldest war veteran ever and last surviving person born in 1891 (d. 2007)
  • August 23 – Minna Craucher, Finnish socialite and spy (d. 1932)[29][30]
  • August 29 – Michael Chekhov, Russian-American actor, theatre director (d. 1955)
  • September 3 – Bessie Delany, African-American physician, author (d. 1995)
  • September 5 – Edward Molyneux, English fashion designer (d. 1974)
  • September 12 – Pedro Albizu Campos, advocate of Puerto Rican independence (d. 1965)
  • September 14 – William F. Friedman, American cryptographer (d. 1969)
  • September 16
    • Teruo Akiyama, Japanese admiral (d. 1943)
    • Karl Dönitz, German admiral, briefly President of Germany (d. 1980)
    • Stephanie von Hohenlohe, Austrian-born German World War II spy (d. 1972)
    • Julie Winnefred Bertrand, Canadian supercentenarian (d. 2007)
  • September 18 – Rafael Pérez y Pérez, Spanish writer (d. 1984)
  • September 22 – Hans Albers, German actor, singer (d. 1960)
  • September 22 – Alma Thomas, African American painter (d. 1978)
  • September 25 – Godfrey Ince, British civil servant (d. 1960)
  • September 26
    • Charles Munch, French conductor, violinist (d. 1968)
    • William McKell, 12th Governor-General of Australia (d. 1985)
  • September 28 – Myrtle Gonzalez, American film, stage actress (d. 1918)

October–December
James Chadwick
Frederick Banting
Mariano Ospina Pérez
Julius Raab
Nelly Sachs
Hu Shih

Deaths

January–June
Carl Johan Thyselius
Nicolaus Otto
Helena Petrovna Blavatsky
John A. Macdonald
Wilhelm Eduard Weber

July–December
Herman Melville
Saint Ambrose of Optina
Prince Kuni Asahiko
Arthur Rimbaud

Date unknown
  • Anna Sprengel, German countess (alleged death)

References
  1. Naval Institute Proceedings. U.S. Naval Institute. 1962. p. 60.
  2. Revista Interamericana: Interamericana Review. Inter American University Press. 1983. p. 130.
  3. Woodward, Antony; Penn, Robert (2007). The Wrong Kind of Snow. London: Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 978-0-340-93787-7.
  4. Carter, Clive (1971). The Blizzard of '91. Newton Abbot: David & Charles. ISBN 0-7153-5137-0.
  5. 562 passengers and crew from Utopia and two rescue sailors from HMS Immortalité - "The Dead of the Utopia" (PDF). The New York Times. March 20, 1891. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022.
  6. Penguin Pocket On This Day. Penguin Reference Library. 2006. ISBN 0-14-102715-0.
  7. Iwanczuk, Jorge (1992). Historia del Fútbol Amateur en la Argentina. Autores Editores. ISBN 9504343848.
  8. "Blanco Encalada, fragata blindada (1º)" (in Spanish). Armada de Chile. Archived from the original on 3 December 2009. Retrieved 27 October 2009.
  9. Stem, Robert (2008). Destroyer Battles: Epics of Naval Close Combat. Barnsley: Seaforth Publishing. p. 22. ISBN 978-1473813564.
  10. Stagebill. B & B Enterprises, Incorporated. 1985. p. 17.
  11. Pope Leo XIII (2002) [1891]. Rerum Novarum: Encyclical on the Rights and Duties of Capital and Labour. Catholic Truth Society. ISBN 978-1-86082-153-0.
  12. Vesistörakentamisen historiaa - Suomen Kalakirjasto (in Finnish)
  13. Vesiputoukset ja vesivoima Suomessa - Suomen Vesiputoukset (in Finnish)
  14. Carroll, Sean B. (2009). Remarkable Creatures: Epic Adventures in the Search for the Origin of Species. London: Quercus. pp. 90–91. ISBN 978-1-84916-072-8.
  15. Iisalmi: Historia (in Finnish)
  16. Lloyd, John; Mitchinson, John (2010). The Second Book of General Ignorance. London: Faber. p. 163. ISBN 978-0-571-26965-5.
  17. Heerding, A. (1986). The Origin of the Dutch Incandescent Lamp Industry. The history of N.V. Philips Gloeilampenfabriek, vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-32169-7.
  18. Ellenberger, Allan (2001). Celebrities in Los Angeles cemeteries : a directory. Jefferson, N.C: McFarland. p. 225. ISBN 9780786409839.
  19. Bloom, Harold (2003). Zora Neale Hurston. Philadelphia: Chelsea House. p. 129. ISBN 9781438115535.
  20. 1891 at the Encyclopædia Britannica
  21. Br. Dominic, M.I.C.M., Tert. (October 7, 2004). "Saint Miguel Pro, A Modern Martyr". Catholicism.org. Retrieved November 29, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  22. Bellamy, Richard (1993). Gramsci and the Italian state. Manchester, UK New York: Manchester University Press Distributed by St. Martin's Press. p. xiv. ISBN 9780719033421.
  23. Magill, Frank (1999). Dictionary of world biography. London: Routledge. p. 4045. ISBN 9781579580483.
  24. Fleming, E.J. (February 8, 2007). Wallace Reid: The Life And Death of a Hollywood Idol. McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-0786428151.
  25. Pāppaṇṇā Paramēsvaran̲ (1991). Bharathidasan: Life. Anu Pathippagam. p. 9.
  26. Nadine Natov (1985). Mikhail Bulgakov. Twayne Publishers. p. 1-2. ISBN 978-0-8057-6598-4.
  27. Hjalmar Dahl – Svenskt översättarlexikon (in Swedish)
  28. "Strongheart's Lineage" (PDF). Sin-Wit-Ki. Yakima, Washington: Yakama Nation Fish and Wildlife Resource Management Program. 11 (3): 12. Fall–Winter 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 21, 2014. Retrieved August 24, 2014.
  29. Venla Sainio: Craucher, Minna (1891-1932) - Kansallisbiografia (in Finnish)
  30. "Minna Craucher". Time Magazine. March 21, 1932. Archived from the original on October 27, 2010. Retrieved August 9, 2008.
  31. Гістарычны шлях беларускай нацыі і дзяржавы (in Russian). Vydavets Zmitser Kolas. 2005. p. 409. ISBN 978-985-6783-06-0.
  32. S. Lillian Kremer (2003). Holocaust Literature: Lerner to Zychlinsky, index. Taylor & Francis. p. 1067. ISBN 978-0-415-92984-4.
  33. Lawrence Durrell; Henry Miller (September 1998). Durrell-Miller Letters, 1935-1980. New Directions Publishing. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-8112-1730-9.
  34. "Excmo. Sr. Don Pelagio Antonio de Labastida y Dávalos (1855-1863)" (in Spanish). Arquidiocesis de Puebla. Retrieved May 29, 2019.
  35. Merriam-Webster, Inc; MERRIAM-WEBSTER STAFF; Encyclopaedia Britannica Publishers, Inc. Staff (1995). Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature. Merriam-Webster. p. 104. ISBN 978-0-87779-042-6.
  36. "BBC - History - Joseph Bazalgette". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved March 18, 2022.
  37. "The Last Tribute Paid. James Russell Lowell Laid At Rest. Buried Under Hornbeam Trees In The Spot He Had Himself Selected And Near The Grave Of Longfellow At Mount Auburn". The New York Times. August 15, 1891. Retrieved March 23, 2010.
  38. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Goncharov, Ivan Alexandrovich" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  39. Hershel Parker (1996). Herman Melville: A Biography. JHU Press. p. 920. ISBN 978-0-8018-8186-2.
  40. Enid Starkie (1954). Arthur Rimbaud, 1854-1954. Clarendon Press. p. 9.
  41. "JOSÉ MARÍA IGLESIAS" (in Spanish). Presidencia de la Republica de Mexico. Archived from the original on May 30, 2019. Retrieved May 30, 2019.

Sources
  • Appletons' Annual Cyclopaedia and Register of Important Events of the Year 1891: Embracing Political, Military, and Ecclesiastical Affairs; Public Documents; Biography, Statistics, Commerce, Finance, Literature, Science, Agriculture, and Mechanical Industry (1892); highly detailed compilation of facts and primary documents; worldwide coverage. not online.
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