Escitalopram

Escitalopram, sold under the brand names Lexapro and Cipralex, among others, is an antidepressant of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) class.[3] Escitalopram is mainly used to treat major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder.[3] It is taken by mouth,[3] available commercially as an oxalate salt exclusively.

This article is about the left handed version of the medication. For its racemic form, see citalopram.

Escitalopram
Clinical data
Pronunciation/ˌɛsəˈtæləˌpræm/ pronunciation 
Trade namesCipralex, Lexapro, others[1]
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa603005
License data
Pregnancy
category
  • AU: C
Routes of
administration		By mouth
Drug classSelective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
  • AU: S4 (Prescription only)
  • CA: ℞-only
  • UK: POM (Prescription only)
  • US: ℞-only
  • EU: Rx-only [2]
  • In general: ℞ (Prescription only)
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability80%
Protein binding~56%
MetabolismLiver, specifically the enzymes CYP3A4 and CYP2C19
Metabolitesdesmethylcitalopram, didesmethylcitalopram
Elimination half-life27–32 hours
Identifiers
IUPAC name
  • (S)-1-[3-(Dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydroisobenzofuran-5-carbonitrile
CAS Number
PubChem CID
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
ChEBI
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.244.188
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC20H21FN2O
Molar mass324.399 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
SMILES
  • Fc1ccc(cc1)[C@@]3(OCc2cc(C#N)ccc23)CCCN(C)C
InChI
  • InChI=1S/C20H21FN2O/c1-23(2)11-3-10-20(17-5-7-18(21)8-6-17)19-9-4-15(13-22)12-16(19)14-24-20/h4-9,12H,3,10-11,14H2,1-2H3/t20-/m0/s1 Y
  • Key:WSEQXVZVJXJVFP-FQEVSTJZSA-N Y
 NY (what is this?)  (verify)

Common side effects include trouble sleeping, nausea, sexual problems, and feeling tired.[3] More serious side effects may include suicidal thoughts in people up to the age of 24 years.[3] It is unclear if use during pregnancy or breastfeeding is safe.[4] Escitalopram is the (S)-enantiomer of citalopram (which exists as a racemate), hence the name es-citalopram.[3]

Escitalopram was approved for medical use in the United States in 2002.[3] Escitalopram is rarely replaced by twice the dose of citalopram, though escitalopram is safer and more effective.[5] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[6] In 2020, it was the fifteenth most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 30 million prescriptions.[7][8]

Medical uses

Escitalopram has FDA approval for the treatment of major depressive disorder in adolescents and adults, and generalized anxiety disorder in adults.[3] In European countries and the United Kingdom, it is approved for depression (MDD) and anxiety disorders, these include: general anxiety disorder (GAD), social anxiety disorder (SAD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and panic disorder with or without agoraphobia. In Australia it is approved for major depressive disorder.[9][10][11]

Depression

Escitalopram was approved by regulatory authorities for the treatment of major depressive disorder on the basis of four placebo-controlled, double-blind trials, three of which demonstrated a statistical superiority over placebo.[12]

Controversy existed regarding the effectiveness of escitalopram compared with its predecessor, citalopram. The importance of this issue followed from the greater cost of escitalopram relative to the generic mixture of isomers of citalopram, prior to the expiration of the escitalopram patent in 2012, which led to charges of evergreening. Accordingly, this issue has been examined in at least 10 different systematic reviews and meta analyses. As of 2012, reviews had concluded (with caveats in some cases) that escitalopram is modestly superior to citalopram in efficacy and tolerability.[13][14][15][16]

A 2011 review concluded that second-generation antidepressants appear equally effective, although they may differ in onset and side effects.[17] Treatment guidelines issued by the National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence and by the American Psychiatric Association generally reflect this viewpoint.[18][19]

In 2018, a systematic review and network meta-analysis comparing the efficacy and acceptability of 21 antidepressant drugs showed escitalopram to be one of the most effective.[20]

Anxiety disorders

Escitalopram appears to be effective in treating general anxiety disorder, with relapse on escitalopram at 20% rather than placebo at 50%, which translates to a number needed to treat of 3.33.[21][22] Escitalopram appears effective in treating social anxiety disorder as well.[23]

Other

Escitalopram is effective in reducing the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome, whether taken continuously or in the luteal phase only.[24] There are no good data available for escitalopram as treatment for seasonal affective disorder or insomnia disorder as of 2021.[25][26]

Side effects

Escitalopram, like other SSRIs, has been shown to affect sexual functions causing side effects such as decreased libido, delayed ejaculation, and anorgasmia.[27][28]

There is also evidence that SSRIs may cause an increase in suicidal ideation. An analysis conducted by the FDA found a statistically insignificant 1.5 to 2.4-fold (depending on the statistical technique used) increase of suicidality among the adults treated with escitalopram for psychiatric indications.[29][30][31] The authors of a related study note the general problem with statistical approaches: due to the rarity of suicidal events in clinical trials, it is hard to draw firm conclusions with a sample smaller than two million patients.[32]

Citalopram and escitalopram are associated with dose-dependent QT interval prolongation[33] and should not be used in those with congenital long QT syndrome or known pre-existing QT interval prolongation, or in combination with other medicines that prolong the QT interval. ECG measurements should be considered for patients with cardiac disease, and electrolyte disturbances should be corrected before starting treatment. In December 2011, the UK implemented new restrictions on the maximum daily doses at 20 mg for adults and 10 mg for those older than 65 years or with liver impairment.[34][35] There are concerns of higher rates of QT prolongation and torsades de pointes compared with other SSRIs.[36][37] The U.S. Food and Drug Administration and Health Canada did not similarly order restrictions on escitalopram dosage, only on its predecessor citalopram.[38]

Very common effects

Very common effects (>10% incidence) include:[39][40][41][42][43]

  • Headache (24%)
  • Nausea (18%)
  • Ejaculation disorder (9–14%)
  • Somnolence (4–13%)
  • Insomnia (7–12%)

Common (1–10% incidence)

Common effects (1–10% incidence) include:

Psychomotor effects

The most common effect is fatigue or somnolence, particularly in older adults,[44] although patients with pre-existing daytime sleepiness and fatigue may experience paradoxical improvement of these symptoms.[45] Escitalopram has not been shown to affect serial reaction time, logical reasoning, serial subtraction, multitask, or Mackworth Clock task performance.[46]

Discontinuation symptoms
Main article: SSRI discontinuation syndrome

Escitalopram discontinuation, particularly abruptly, may cause certain withdrawal symptoms such as "electric shock" sensations,[47] colloquially called "brain shivers" or "brain zaps" by those affected. Frequent symptoms in one study were dizziness (44%), muscle tension (44%), chills (44%), confusion or trouble concentrating (40%), amnesia (28%), and crying (28%). Very slow tapering was recommended.[48] There have been spontaneous reports of discontinuation of Lexapro and other SSRIs and SNRIs, especially when abrupt, leading to dysphoric mood, irritability, agitation, anxiety, headache, lethargy, emotional lability, insomnia, and hypomania. Other symptoms such as panic attacks, hostility, aggressiveness, impulsivity, akathisia (psychomotor restlessness), mania, worsening of depression, and suicidal ideation can emerge when the dose is adjusted down.[49]

Sexual dysfunction

Some people experience persistent sexual side effects after they stop taking SSRIs.[50] This is known as post-SSRI sexual dysfunction (PSSD). Common symptoms include genital anesthesia, erectile dysfunction, anhedonia, decreased libido, premature ejaculation, vaginal lubrication issues, and nipple insensitivity in women. Rates are unknown, and there is no established treatment.[51]

Pregnancy

Antidepressant exposure (including escitalopram) is associated with shorter duration of pregnancy (by three days), increased risk of preterm delivery (by 55%), lower birth weight (by 75 g), and lower Apgar scores (by <0.4 points). Antidepressant exposure is not associated with an increased risk of spontaneous abortion.[52] There is a tentative association of SSRI use during pregnancy with heart problems in the baby.[53] The advantages of their use during pregnancy may thus outweigh the possible negative effects on the baby.[53]

Overdose

Excessive doses of escitalopram usually cause relatively minor untoward effects, such as agitation and tachycardia. However, dyskinesia, hypertonia, and clonus may occur in some cases. Therapeutic blood levels of escitalopram are usually in the range of 20–80 μg/L but may reach 80–200 μg/L in the elderly, patients with hepatic dysfunction, those who are poor CYP2C19 metabolizers or following acute overdose. Monitoring of the drug in plasma or serum is generally accomplished using chromatographic methods. Chiral techniques are available to distinguish escitalopram from its racemate, citalopram.[35][54][55]

Pharmacology

Mechanism of action
Binding profile[56][57]
Site Ki (nM)
SERT 0.8-1.1
NET 7,800
DAT 27,400
5-HT1A >1,000
5-HT2A >1,000
5-HT2C 2,500
α1 3,900
α2 >1,000
D2 >1,000
H1 2,000
mACh 1,240
hERG 2,600 (IC50)

Escitalopram increases intrasynaptic levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin by blocking the reuptake of the neurotransmitter into the presynaptic neuron. Over time, this leads to a downregulation of pre-synaptic 5-HT1A receptors, which is associated with an improvement in passive stress tolerance, and delayed downstream increase in expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, which may contribute to a reduction in negative affective biases.[58][59]

Of the SSRIs currently available, escitalopram has the highest selectivity for the serotonin transporter (SERT) compared to the norepinephrine transporter (NET), making the side-effect profile relatively mild in comparison to less-selective SSRIs.[60]

Escitalopram is a substrate of P-glycoprotein and hence P-glycoprotein inhibitors such as verapamil and quinidine may improve its blood brain barrier penetrability.[61] In a preclinical study in rats combining escitalopram with a P-glycoprotein inhibitor, its antidepressant-like effects were enhanced.[61]

Interactions

Escitalopram, similarly to other SSRIs, may increase bleed risk with NSAIDs (ibuprofen, naproxen, mefenamic acid), antiplatelet drugs, anticoagulants, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin E, and garlic supplements due to escitalopram's inhibitory effects on platelet aggregation via blocking serotonin transporters on platelets.[62] Escitalopram inhibits CYP2D6 and hence may increase plasma levels of a number of CYP2D6 substrates such as aripiprazole, risperidone, tramadol, codeine, etc. As escitalopram is only a weak inhibitor of CYP2D6, analgesia from tramadol may not be affected.[63] Escitalopram should be taken with caution when using St. John's wort, ginseng, dextromethorphan (DXM), linezolid, tramadol, and other serotonergic drugs due to the risk of serotonin syndrome.[64][65] Exposure to escitalopram is increased moderately, by about 50%, when it is taken with omeprazole. The authors of this study suggested that this increase is unlikely to be of clinical concern.[66]

Bupropion has been found to significantly increase citalopram plasma concentration and systemic exposure; as of April 2018 the interaction with escitalopram had not been studied, but some monographs warned of the potential interaction.[67]

Escitalopram can also prolong the QT interval and hence it is not recommended in patients that are concurrently on other medications that also have the ability to prolong the QT interval. These drugs include antiarrhythmics, antipsychotics, tricyclic antidepressants, some antihistamines (astemizole, mizolastine), macrolide and fluoroquinolone antibiotics, some 5-HT3 receptor antagonists (except palonosetron), and some antiretrovirals (ritonavir, saquinavir, lopinavir).[34] As an SSRI, escitalopram should generally not be given concurrently with MAOIs.[60]

Chemistry

Escitalopram is the (S)-stereoisomer (left-handed version) of the racemate citalopram, which is responsible for its name: escitalopram.[3] The (R)-stereoisomer (R-citalopram, the right-handed version) is not thought to have useful effects for treating depression.[68]

History
Cipralex brand escitalopram 10mg package and tablet sheet. It is a reference escitalopram formulation, and was produced by Lundbeck.

Escitalopram was developed in close cooperation between Lundbeck and Forest Laboratories. Its development was initiated in the summer of 1997, and the resulting new drug application was submitted to the U.S. FDA in March 2001. The short time (3.5 years) it took to develop escitalopram can be attributed to the previous extensive experience of Lundbeck and Forest with citalopram, which has similar pharmacology.[69]

The FDA issued the approval of escitalopram for major depression in August 2002 and for generalized anxiety disorder in December 2003. On 23 May 2006, the FDA approved a generic version of escitalopram by Teva.[70] On 14 July of that year, however, the U.S. District Court of Delaware decided in favor of Lundbeck regarding the patent infringement dispute and ruled the patent on escitalopram valid.[71]

In 2006, Forest Laboratories was granted an 828-day (2 years and 3 months) extension on its US patent for escitalopram.[72] This pushed the patent expiration date from 7 December 2009, to 14 September 2011. Together with the 6-month pediatric exclusivity, the final expiration date was 14 March 2012.

Society and culture

Allegations of illegal marketing

In 2004, separate civil suits alleging illegal marketing of citalopram and escitalopram for use by children and teenagers by Forest were initiated by two whistleblowers: a physician named Joseph Piacentile and a Forest salesman named Christopher Gobble.[73] In February 2009, the suits were joined. Eleven states and the District of Columbia filed notices of intent to intervene as plaintiffs in the action.

The suits alleged that Forest illegally engaged in off-label promotion of Lexapro for use in children; hid the results of a study showing lack of effectiveness in children; paid kickbacks to physicians to induce them to prescribe Lexapro to children; and conducted so-called "seeding studies" that were, in reality, marketing efforts to promote the drug's use by doctors.[74][75] Forest denied the allegations[76] but ultimately agreed to settle with the plaintiffs for over $313 million.[77]

Brand names

Escitalopram is sold under many brand names worldwide such as Cipralex, Lexapro, Lexam, Mozarin, Aciprex, Depralin, Ecytara, Elicea, Nexpram, Nexito, Pramatis, and Betesda.[1][78]

See also

References
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Cited texts

Further reading
  • "Escitalopram". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
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