1570s

The 1570s decade ran from January 1, 1570, to December 31, 1579.

Millennium: 2nd millennium
Centuries:
Decades:
Years:
Categories:
  • Births
  • Deaths
  • By country
  • By topic
  • Establishments
  • Disestablishments
Abraham Ortelius publishes the first modern atlas in 1570.
November 4, 1576: Sack of Antwerp

Events

1570

January–June

July–December
  • July 3 – The Ottoman conquest of Cyprus begins.
  • July 14 – Pope Pius V issues Quo primum, promulgating the 1570 edition of the Roman Missal.
  • July 22 – Thomson Snell & Passmore was founded, the oldest law firm in operation
  • July 30 – Battle of Anegawa: The allied forces of Oda Nobunaga and Tokugawa Ieyasu defeat the combined forces of the Azai and Asakura clans.
  • August 8 – The Peace of Saint-Germain ends the Third War of Religion in France. Again, the Huguenots are promised religious freedom and political autonomy.[4]
  • August 16 – The Treaty of Speyer is signed between John Sigismund Zápolya, Prince of Transylvania and Maximilian II, King of Hungary.
  • September 10 – A party of ten Spanish Jesuit missionaries land on the Virginia Peninsula of North America to establish the Ajacán Mission, which will be massacred in February 1571.
  • November 16-17 – The 1570 Ferrara earthquake strikes the Italian city of Ferrara. After the initial shocks, a sequence of aftershocks continue for four years, with over 2,000 in the period from November 1570 to February 1571.[5]
  • December 13 – The Treaty of Stettin ends the Northern Seven Years' War.

Date unknown
  • Spanish conquistador Juan de Salcedo (in the service of Miguel López de Legazpi) begins the conquest of the Kingdom of Maynila.
  • Construction of the original Catedral Nuestra Señora de La Asunción, the oldest church in Venezuela, begins.
  • The Whitechapel Bell Foundry is known to be in existence in London. By 2017, when it closes its premises in Whitechapel, it will be the oldest manufacturing company in Great Britain.
  • Andrea Palladio publishes I quattro libri dell'architettura in Venice.[6]
  • Volcanic eruption in the Santorini caldera begins.
  • The Andean population of the Viceroyalty of Peru reaches 1.3 million.

1571


January–June

July–December
  • July 25 – St Olave's Grammar School is founded in Tooley Street, London.
  • August 1 – The Ottoman conquest of Cyprus is concluded, by the surrender of Famagusta. Cyprus is established as an eyalet of the Ottoman Empire, and the first Turkish colony moves into the island.
  • August 29 – Liliw, Laguna, Philippines is founded by Gat Tayaw, followers and residents as a municipality of Laguna.
  • September 28 – The House of Commons of England introduces the first pro forma bill, symbolizing its authority over its own affairs.[10]
  • October 7 – Battle of Lepanto: Spanish, Venetian, and Papal naval forces, under Don John of Austria, defeat the Ottoman fleet of Müezzinzade Ali Pasha.[11]

Date unknown
  • Using mercury in the silver extraction process dramatically increases the output of the Potosí mine; thus begins the great silver flow that links the New and Old Worlds.[12]
  • The Swedish Church Ordinance 1571 creates the first complete order of the Protestant Swedish church. The church ordinance also includes a chapter about schooling, in which all children in the cities, regardless of sex, are to be given elementary schooling.[13]
  • Taipalsaari is founded.

1572

January–June

July–December
  • July 9 – The Sea Beggars hang 19 previously imprisoned Roman Catholic priests (the Martyrs of Gorkum) at Brielle.
  • July 11 – Humphrey Gilbert leads 1,500 volunteers from England, on an expedition to assist the Sea Beggars.[14]
  • July 19 – Wanli Emperor of China ascends the throne at the age of nine; he will rule for 48 years.
  • July 29–August 2 – Battle of Molodi: A large Crimean Tatar–Ottoman army which invaded Russia is routed.
  • August 18 – Huguenot King Henry III of Navarre marries Margaret of Valois, sister of King Charles and daughter of Catherine de' Medici, in a supposed attempt to reconcile Protestants and Catholics in France.[17]
  • August 24 – St. Bartholomew's Day massacre: Catholics in Paris murder thousands of Protestants, including Gaspard de Coligny and Petrus Ramus, at the order of King Charles IX, with Catherine de Medici's connivance. Henry of Navarre and the Prince of Condé barely escape the same fate. This brings about the Fourth War of Religion in France.[18]
  • October 20 – Eighty Years' War – Relief of Goes: Soldiers of the Spanish Tercios wade across the estuary of the Scheldt, to relieve the siege of Goes in the Spanish Netherlands.
  • November 9
    • Siege of Sancerre: Catholic forces of the king lay siege to Sancerre, a Huguenot stronghold in central France. The fortified city holds out for nearly eight months, without bombard artillery. This is one of the last times that slings are used in European warfare.
    • Supernova SN 1572 is first observed in the constellation Cassiopeia, by Cornelius Gemma. Tycho Brahe, who notes it two days later, will use it to challenge the prevailing view that stars do not change.[19] The supernova remnant remains visible through 1574.
  • December – The Siege of Haarlem is begun by the Duke of Alva, Spanish commander in the Netherlands.

Date unknown
  • The Neo-Inca State in Vilcabamba, Peru, the last independent remnant of the Inca Empire, is conquered by Spain.
  • Girolamo Mercuriale from Forlì (Italy) writes the work De morbis cutaneis ("On the diseases of the skin"), the first scientific tract on dermatology.
  • Imaginary numbers are defined by Rafael Bombelli.
  • Portugal's national epic Os Lusíadas by Luís de Camões is first published.[20]
  • Georg Braun begins publication of his urban atlas, Civitates orbis terrarum, in Cologne.

1573

January–June
  • January 25 – Battle of Mikatagahara in Japan: Takeda Shingen defeats Tokugawa Ieyasu.[21]
  • January 28
    • Articles of the Warsaw Confederation are signed, sanctioning religious freedom in Poland.
    • The Croatian–Slovene Peasant Revolt breaks out against the oppressive nobility; the revolt is quelled violently by February 15 and Matija Gubec, leader of the rebellion, publicly executed in Zagreb.
  • February–March – The siege of Noda Castle takes place in Japan.
  • March 7 – The Ottoman–Venetian War (1570–1573) is ended by a peace treaty, confirming the transfer of control of Cyprus from the Republic of Venice to the Ottoman Empire, and also confirming Turkish occupation of the more fertile region of Dalmatia.
  • May 11–16 – The Duke of Anjou is elected to the throne of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth by the Polish nobility.
  • May 26 – Battle of Haarlemmermeer: Geuzen ships, attempting to break the siege of Haarlem, are defeated by a combined Spanish and Amsterdam fleet.

July–December

Date unknown
  • Sarsa Dengel, emperor of Ethiopia, defeats the Oromo in a battle near Lake Zway.
  • The first Spanish galleon, laden with silver for the porcelain and silk trade with the Ming Dynasty of China, lands at Manila in the Philippines. This occasion marks the beginning of the Spanish silver trade to China, that will trump that of the Portuguese, the latter of whom acted as an intermediary between the silver mines of Japan, and the luxury items in China to be purchased with that silver. Most of the silver entering China comes from what is now Mexico, Bolivia, and Peru in the New World.
  • The Luzhou Laojiao liquor is made.
  • The Portuguese are expelled from the Maldives.
  • Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School for Boys, Barnet, England, is formed.[23]

1574

January–June

July–December
  • August 30 – Guru Ram Das becomes the fourth of the Sikh gurus.
  • September – A plot to assassinate John III of Sweden is discovered, headed by Charles de Mornay and implicating Charles Dancay, Hogenskild Bielke, Gustaf Banér, Pontus De la Gardie, Princess Elizabeth of Sweden, Princess Cecilia of Sweden, and Duke Charles.[26]
  • October 3 – The city of Leiden, besieged by the Spanish, is relieved by a Sea Beggars fleet under Louis Boisot.
  • November 22 – The Juan Fernández Islands in the South Pacific Ocean are discovered by Spanish sailor Juan Fernández.
  • November 29 – Limahong and Juan de Salcedo quarrel during the Battle of Manila.
  • December – Murad III succeeds Selim II, as Ottoman Sultan.

Undated
  • Prince El-Mirza of Kakheti is defeated in his bid for the throne by his half-brother, Alexander II.
  • The Liturgical Battle royal between the Reformation and Counter Reformation begins in Sweden, and continues until the Uppsala Synod of 1593.
  • La Alameda, Seville, is laid out in Spain, as Europe's first public garden.[27]

1575

January–June

July–December

Date unknown

1576

January–June
  • January 20 – Viceroy Martín Enríquez de Almanza founds the settlement of León, Guanajuato, in New Spain (modern-day Mexico).
  • January 25 – Portuguese explorer Paulo Dias de Novais founds the settlement of São Paulo da Assumpção de Loanda on the south western coast of Africa, which becomes Luanda.[35]
  • 1st May – Hungarian Transylvanian Prince Stephen Báthory is crowned king of Poland.
  • May 5 – The Edict of Beaulieu or Peace of Monsieur (after "Monsieur", the Duke of Anjou, brother of the King, Henry III of France, who negotiated it) ends the Fifth War of Religion in France. Protestants are again granted freedom of worship.
  • June 18 – Battle of Haldighati: Mughal forces, led by Man Singh I of Amer, decisively defeat the Mewar Kingdom led by Maharana Pratap.

July–December

Date unknown
  • The 1576 Cocoliztli epidemic causes millions of deaths in the territory of New Spain, in modern-day Mexico.
  • An early example of autobiography is written in English, by Thomas Whythorne.
  • The Loci Communes of Peter Martyr Vermigli (d. 1562), edited by Robert le Maçon, are published in London.
  • The following schools are founded in England:
    • Dartford Grammar School, by William d'Aeth, Edward Gwyn and William Vaughn.
    • Sutton Valence School, by William Lambe.
  • Konstanty Wasyl Ostrogski founds Ostroh Academy, the first university-level school in Eastern Europe.

1577

January–June
  • January 9 – The second Union of Brussels is formed, first without the Protestant counties of Holland and Zeeland (which is accepted by King Philip II of Spain), later with the Protestants, which means open rebellion of the whole of the Netherlands.[39]
  • March 17 – The Cathay Company is formed, to send Martin Frobisher back to the New World for more gold.[40]
  • May 28 – The Bergen Book, better known as the Solid Declaration of the Formula of Concord, one of the Lutheran confessional writings, is published. The earlier version, known as the Torgau Book (1576), had been condensed into an Epitome; both documents are part of the 1580 Book of Concord.[41]

July–December

Date unknown
  • Supposed massacre of the MacDonald inhabitants of the Scottish island of Eigg, by the Clan MacLeod.
  • The church in San Pedro de Atacama is built, in the Atacama Desert in Chile.
  • Casiodoro de Reina publishes his "Declaracion, o confesion de fe", the first and only Spanish confession of faith in the post Reformation period.

1578

January–June
  • January 31 – Battle of Gembloux: Spanish forces under Don John of Austria and Alexander Farnese defeat the Dutch; Farnese begins to recover control of the French-speaking Southern Netherlands.[46]
  • April 27 – The Duel of the Mignons claims the lives of two favorites of Henry III of France, and two favourites of Henry I, Duke of Guise.[47]
  • May 26 – The Alteratie in Amsterdam ends Catholic rule, and opens Catholic worship there.
  • May 31 – Martin Frobisher sails from Harwich, England to Frobisher Bay, Canada, on his third expedition.
  • June 11 – Humphrey Gilbert is granted letters patent from the English crown to establish a colony in North America.[48]

July–December
  • July – Martin Frobisher holds the first Thanksgiving celebration by Europeans in North America, on Newfoundland. He ships ore, which proves to be valueless fool's gold, which can only be used as road metal in London.
  • August 4 – Battle of Alcácer Quibir in North Africa: The Moors defeat King Sebastian of Portugal, who is killed, leaving his elderly uncle, Cardinal Henry, as his heir, initiating a succession crisis in Portugal.
  • August 20–September 6 – Francis Drake, during his circumnavigation , passes through the Strait of Magellan in his ship, the newly renamed Golden Hind.[49]
  • October 1 – Alessandro Farnese succeeds his uncle, Don John, as Governor of the Spanish Netherlands.[50]
  • October 21 – Battle of Wenden: The Russians are defeated by the Swedes, who proceed to take Polotsk.
  • November 19 – Humphrey Gilbert and Walter Ralegh set out from Plymouth in England, leading an expedition to establish a colony in North America; forced to turn back six months later.[51]

Date unknown
  • Battle of the Spoiling Dyke at Trumpan on the Scottish Isle of Skye: the Clan MacLeod are victorious over the MacDonalds of Uist in a feud.[52]
  • The Ottoman Empire conquers Abkhazia.
  • Sarsa Dengel, Emperor of Ethiopia, defeats and kills Bahr negus Yeshaq along with his Ottoman allies, finally ending his rebellion.
  • Sonam Gyrso receives from Prince Atlan Khan the title of Talaï, and becomes the third Dalai Lama of Tibet.
  • The last outbreak of sweating sickness occurs in England.
  • The Portuguese assist Lord Ōmura Sumitada, the first Christian Japanese diamyo, in repulsing an assault on Nagasaki by the Ryūzōji clan.
  • Fur trade begins in Newfoundland in North America.

1579

January–June
  • January 6 – The Union of Arras unites the southern Netherlands under the Duke of Parma, governor in the name of king Philip II of Spain.[53]
  • January 23 – The Union of Utrecht unites the northern Netherlands in a confederation called the United Provinces. William I of Orange becomes Stadtholder, and the Duc d'Anjou, younger brother of Henry III of France, is invited to become hereditary sovereign.[53]
  • March – Maastricht is captured by the Spanish under Parma.
  • May 25 – Japan – Battle of Mimaomote: Doi Kiyonaga defeats the forces of Kumu Yorinobu.
  • June 17 – Francis Drake, during his circumnavigation of the world, lands in what is now California, which he claims for Queen Elizabeth I. With an English claim here and in Newfoundland, it becomes the basis for English colonial charters which will claim all land from the Atlantic to the Pacific, from "sea to sea." Drake's claim is called Nova Albion (New England), and subsequent maps will show all lands north of New Spain and New Mexico under this name.
  • July 16 – James FitzMaurice FitzGerald lands with a small force of Irish, Spanish, and Italian troops at Smerwick, on the Dingle Peninsula in south-western Ireland, and commences the Second Desmond Rebellion against the rule in Ireland of Elizabeth I of England.

July–December

Date unknown
  • Akbar abolishes jizya.
  • The municipality of Boac in Marinduque, Philippines is founded.
  • The Bible of Kralice begins publication. The first complete translation of the Bible into the Czech language (with notes), it is prepared by the Unity of the Brethren, and published at Kralice nad Oslavou, Bohemia.

Births

1570

Guy Fawkes
Hans Lippershey
  • January 1
    • Dorothea of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Spouse of Charles I, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld (d. 1649)
    • John Dackombe, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster (d. 1618)
  • January 19 – Wolfgang Hirschbach, German legal scholar (d. 1620)
  • January 22 – Robert Bruce Cotton, English politician (d. 1631)
  • February – Henry Balnaves, Scottish politician and religious reformer (b. 1512)
  • March 25 – Henry Lennard, 12th Baron Dacre, English baron and politician (d. 1616)
  • April 13 – Guy Fawkes, English conspirator (d. 1606)[54]
  • May 8 – Tamás Esterházy, Hungarian writer (d. 1616)
  • May 22 – Johann II, Duke of Saxe-Weimar, German duke (d. 1605)
  • June 7 – Sultan Murad Mirza, Mughal prince (d. 1599)
  • June 13 – Paul Peuerl, German organist (d. 1625)
  • August 10 – Philip, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp (1587–1590) (d. 1590)
  • August 21 – Christopher, Duke of Brunswick-Harburg, co-ruler of Brunswick-Lüneburg-Harburg (1603–1606) (d. 1606)
  • August 22 – Franz von Dietrichstein, German Catholic bishop (d. 1636)
  • August 31 – Gustav of Saxe-Lauenburg, German noble (d. 1597)
  • September 28 – Sir Richard Hoghton, 1st Baronet, English politician (d. 1630)
  • October 3 – George Coke, British bishop (d. 1646)
  • October 4 – Péter Pázmány, Hungarian cardinal and statesman (d. 1637)
  • October 7
    • Volkert Overlander, Dutch mayor (d. 1630)
    • Jean Richardot the Younger, Belgian politician (d. 1614)
  • November 1 – Phineas Pett, English shipwright and member of the Pett Dynasty (d. 1647)
  • November 15 – Francesco Curradi, Italian painter (d. 1661)
  • November 20 – Giovanni Battista Agucchi, Italian churchman, papal diplomat, and writer on art theory (d. 1632)
  • November 26 – Christian, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Ærø (1622–1633) (d. 1633)
  • November 28 – James Whitelocke, English judge (d. 1632)
  • December 7 – Richard Cecil, English politician (d. 1633)
  • December 29 – Wilhelm Lamormaini, Luxembourgian theologian (d. 1648)
  • date unknown
    • Diego Aduarte, Prior of Manila (d. 1637)
    • Robert Aytoun, Scottish poet (d. 1638)
    • Ebba Bielke, Swedish baroness and conspirator (d. 1618)
    • John Cooper, English composer and lutenist (d. 1626)
    • John Farmer, English composer (d. c.1601)
    • Simon Grahame, Scottish-born adventurer (d. 1614)
    • Nakagawa Hidenari, Japanese daimyō (d. 1612)
    • Hans Lippershey, Dutch lensmaker (d. 1619)
    • Asprilio Pacelli, Italian Baroque composer (d. 1623)
    • Girolamo Rainaldi, Italian architect (d. 1655)
    • Salamone Rossi, Italian violinist and composer (d. 1630)
    • John Smyth, English Baptist minister (d. 1612)
    • Chief Powhatan, Algonquin chief (d. 1620)
    • Claudia Sessa, Italian composer (d. 1617/19)
    • Katharina Henot, German General Postmaster and alleged witch (d. 1627)
    • Urszula Meyerin, politically influential Polish courtier (d. 1635)
    • Christina Rauscher, German official and critic of witchcraft persecutions (d. 1618)

1571

Abbas I of Safavid
Johannes Kepler

1572

Elizabeth Wriothesley, Countess of Southampton
Marie Elisabeth of France
  • January 7 – Antoine de Gaudier, French Jesuit writer (d. 1622)
  • January 11 – Elizabeth Wriothesley, Countess of Southampton, English countess (d. 1655)
  • January 22 – John Donne (d. 1631)
  • February 1 – Ellen Marsvin, Danish noble, landowner and county administrator (d. 1649)
  • February 14 – William Cooke, English politician (d. 1619)
  • February 27 – Francis II, Duke of Lorraine (d. 1632)
  • February 29 – Edward Cecil, 1st Viscount Wimbledon, English viscount (d. 1638)
  • March 4 – István Esterházy, Hungarian noble (d. 1596)
  • March 10 – Tommaso Caracciolo, Field Marshal of Spanish forces in the Thirty Years' War (d. 1631)
  • March 20 – Otto III, Duke of Brunswick-Harburg (d. 1641)
  • April 4 – William Strachey, English writer (d. 1621)
  • April 14 – Adam Tanner, Austrian Jesuit professor of mathematics and philosophy (d. 1632)
  • May 20 – John Davenant, English Anglican bishop (d. 1641)
  • May 25 – Maurice, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel, German musician (d. 1632)
  • June 8 – Honorat de Porchères Laugier, French writer (d. 1653)
  • June 10 – Henry II, Count of Reuss-Gera, Lord of Gera, Lobenstein and Oberkranichfeld (1572–1635) (d. 1635)
  • June 11 – Ben Jonson, English dramatist (d. 1637)
  • July 16 – Teimuraz I, Prince of Mukhrani, Georgian prince (d. 1625)
  • July 25 – Theodorus Schrevelius, Dutch Golden Age writer and poet (d. 1649)
  • August 6 – Fakhr-al-Din II, Ottoman Emir of Chouf (d. 1635)
  • September 11 – Daniyal, Imperial Prince of the Royal House of Timur, Viceroy of Deccan (d. 1604)
  • September 27 – Francis van Aarssens, Dutch diplomat (d. 1641)
  • September 30 – Denis-Simon de Marquemont, French cardinal and archbishop (d. 1626)
  • October 27 – Marie Elisabeth of France, French princess (d. 1578)
  • November 4 – William Whitmore, English politician (d. 1648)
  • November 7 – Johannes Saeckma, Dutch Golden Age magistrate and judge of Leeuwarden (d. 1636)
  • November 8 – John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg (d. 1619)
  • November 23 – Albret Skeel, State Admiral of Denmark (d. 1639)
  • November 25 – Daniel Sennert, German physician, chemist (d. 1637)
  • December 1 – Vilem Slavata of Chlum, Czech nobleman (d. 1652)
  • December 20 – Edward Russell, 3rd Earl of Bedford, son of Sir Francis Russell (d. 1627)
  • December 22 – Juan López de Agurto de la Mata, Spanish Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Coro (later Bishop of Caracas) (1634–1637) and Bishop of Puerto Rico (1630–1634) (d. 1637)
  • December 27 – Johannes Vodnianus Campanus, Czech humanist, composer, pedagogue, poet and dramatist (d. 1622)
  • date unknown
    • Johann Bayer, German astronomer (d. 1625)
    • Alfonso de la Cueva, 1st Marquis of Bedmar, Spanish diplomat (d. 1655)
    • Arend Dickmann, Dutch admiral in the Polish Navy (d. 1627)
    • John Floyd, English Jesuit (d. 1649)
    • Regina Basilier, German-Swedish merchant banker (d. 1631)
    • Bartholomew Gosnold, English lawyer and explorer (d. 1607)
    • Cyril Lucaris, Greek prelate and theologian (d. 1637)
    • James Mabbe, English scholar and poet (d. 1642)
    • Thomas Tomkins, Welsh composer (d. 1656)
  • probable – Giovanni Bernardino Azzolini or Mazzolini or Asoleni, Italian painter (d. c.1645)

1573

Elias Holl
Pietro Carrera
Anne of Austria, Queen of Poland
  • January 1 – Philippus Rovenius, Dutch priest (d. 1651)
  • January 10 – Simon Marius, German astronomer (d. 1624)
  • January 18 – Ambrosius Bosschaert, still life painter of the Dutch Golden Age (d. 1621)
  • January 20 – Alexander, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg (d. 1627)
  • January 22 – Ludwig Camerarius, German politician (d. 1651)
  • January 30 – Georg Friedrich, Margrave of Baden-Durlach (1604–1622) (d. 1638)
  • February 28 – Elias Holl, German architect (d. 1646)
  • March 12 – Agnes Hedwig of Anhalt, Abbess of Gernrode, Electress of Saxony, Duchess of Schleswig-Holstein-Sønderborg-Plön (d. 1616)
  • March 24 – Giovanni Doria, Spanish noble (d. 1642)
  • April 6 – Margaret of Brunswick-Lüneburg, German noble (d. 1643)
  • April 12 – Jacques Bonfrère, Flemish Jesuit priest, biblical scholar (d. 1642)
  • April 13 – Christina of Holstein-Gottorp, Queen of Sweden (d. 1625)
  • April 17 – Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria (d. 1651)
  • April 28 – Charles de Valois, Duke of Angoulême, natural son of Charles IX of France (d. 1650)
  • May 12 – Henri, Duke of Montpensier, French noble (d. 1608)
  • May 13 – Taj Bibi Bilqis Makani, Mughal empress (d. 1619)
  • June 12 – Robert Radclyffe, 5th Earl of Sussex, British Earl (d. 1629)
  • June 16 – Andries de Witt, Grand Pensionary of Holland (d. 1637)
  • June 28 – Henry Danvers, 1st Earl of Danby, English noble (d. 1643)
  • July 12 – Pietro Carrera, Italian priest, painter and saint (d. 1647)
  • July 14 – Bonaventure Hepburn, Scottish philologist and Minim friar (d. 1620)
  • July 15 – Inigo Jones, English architect (d. 1652)[58]
  • July 18 – Odoardo Fialetti, Italian painter (d. 1638)
  • July 25 – Christoph Scheiner, German astronomer and Jesuit (d. 1650)
  • July 29 – Philip II, Duke of Pomerania-Stettin (d. 1618)
  • August 16 – Anne of Austria, Queen of Poland (d. 1598)
  • August 25 – Elizabeth of Denmark, Duchess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, German regent (d. 1626)
  • September 8 – Georg Friedrich von Greiffenklau, Archbishop of Mainz (d. 1629)
  • September 28 – Théodore de Mayerne, Swiss physician (d. 1654)
  • September 29 – Robert Payne, English politician (d. 1631)
  • October 6 – Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton (d. 1624)
  • October 7 – William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1645)[59]
  • October 11 – Jacobus Boonen, Dutch Catholic archbishop (d. 1655)
  • November 3 – Catherine of Lorraine, Abbess of Remiremont (d. 1648)
  • November 29 – Johannes Canuti Lenaeus, archbishop of Uppsala (d. 1669)
  • November 30 – Aubert Miraeus, Belgian historian (d. 1640)
  • December 6 – Odoardo Farnese, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1626)
  • December 21 – Mathurin Régnier, French satirist (d. 1613)
  • December 22 – Ernest Casimir I, Count of Nassau-Dietz (1606–1632) and Stadtholder of Groningen, Friesland and Drenthe (1625–1632) (d. 1632)
  • December 23 – Giovanni Battista Crespi, Italian painter (d. 1632)
  • date unknown
    • Gabrielle d'Estrées, French royal mistress (d. 1599)
    • Ukita Hideie, Japanese daimyō (d. 1655)
    • Richard Johnson, English romance writer (d. 1659)
    • Johannes Junius, Burgomeister of Bamberg (d. 1628)
    • John Kendrick, English merchant (d. 1624)
    • Oeyo, wife of Tokugawa Hidetada (d. 1626)
    • Sigismund Báthory, Prince of Transylvania and of the Holy Roman Empire (d. 1613)
  • approximate year
    • June – Joan Pau Pujol, Catalan composer and organist (d. 1626)

1574

Pope Innocent X
Anne of Denmark
  • January 17 – Robert Fludd, English Rosicrucian and Paracelsian physicist (d. 1637)
  • February 17 – Pedro Téllez-Girón, 3rd Duke of Osuna, Spanish nobleman and politician (d. 1624)
  • March 4 – Carl Gyllenhielm, Swedish soldier and politician (d. 1650)
  • March 5 – William Oughtred, English mathematician and Anglican minister (d. 1660)[60]
  • March 7 – John Wilbye, English composer (date of baptism) (d. 1638)
  • April 27 – Philip Rubens, Flemish lawyer and older brother to painter Peter Paul Rubens (d. 1611)
  • May 6 – Pope Innocent X (d. 1655)[61]
  • May 14
    • Daniel Dumonstier, French artist (d. 1646)
    • Francesco Rasi, Italian composer, singer, instrumentalist, poet (d. 1621)
  • June 13 – Juan Alonso de Solis y Mendoza, Spanish Catholic prelate, Bishop of Puerto Rico (1635–1640) (d. 1640)
  • June 20 – Wilhelm Kettler, Duke of Courland (d. 1640)
  • June – Richard Barnfield, English poet (d. 1627)
  • July 1 – Joseph Hall, English bishop and satirist (d. 1656)
  • July 2 – Dorothea Maria of Anhalt, Duchess consort of Saxe-Weimar (1602–1605) (d. 1617)
  • July 10 – Clara Maria of Pomerania-Barth, German noble (d. 1623)
  • July 23 – Balthasar I Moretus, Flemish printer (d. 1641)
  • August 2 – Sir Richard Beaumont, 1st Baronet, English politician (d. 1631)
  • August 7 – Robert Dudley, styled Earl of Warwick, English explorer and geographer (d. 1649)
  • August 28 – Frederick IV, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1636–1648) (d. 1648)
  • August 30 – Albert Szenczi Molnár, Hungarian translator (d. 1634)
  • September 6 – Luis Sotelo, Spanish Franciscan friar who died as a martyr in Japan (d. 1624)
  • September 18 – Claudio Achillini, Italian philosopher, theologian, mathematician, poet, jurist (d. 1640)
  • September 29 – Ludovic Stewart, 2nd Duke of Lennox, Scottish nobleman and politician (d. 1624)
  • September – Thomas Gataker, English clergyman and theologian (d. 1654)
  • October 25 – François de Sourdis, French Catholic cardinal (d. 1628)
  • November 4 – Erycius Puteanus, Dutch humanist, philologist (d. 1646)
  • November 5 – Charlotte de La Marck, French duchess (d. 1594)
  • November 10 – Archduchess Maria Christina of Austria, Austrian archduchess (d. 1621)
  • November 30 – Frederick of Solms-Rödelheim, imperial chamberlain, war and Obrist (d. 1649)
  • December 8 – Maria Anna of Bavaria, Archduchess of Inner Austria (d. 1616)
  • December 10 – Mikołaj Łęczycki, Polish Jesuit (d. 1653)
  • December 12
  • December 15 – Samuel Besler, Polish composer (d. 1625)
  • date unknown
    • John Day, English dramatist (d. 1640)
    • Wilhelm Kinsky, Bohemian nobleman (d. 1634)
    • Claudio Pari, Sicilian composer
    • Feng Menglong, Chinese poet (d. 1645)

1575

Marie de' Medici
Countess Palatine Anna Maria of Neuburg
  • January – Elizabeth Cecil, 16th Baroness de Ros (d. 1591)
  • January 22 – Louis III, Cardinal of Guise (d. 1621)
  • c. February 3 – Bernard of Wąbrzeźno, Polish Catholic priest and Benedictine monk (d. 1603)
  • February 4 – Pierre de Bérulle, French cardinal and statesman (d. 1629)
  • February 15 – Louis Gunther of Nassau, Count of Nassau-Katzenelnbogen (d. 1604)
  • February 16 – Richard Carpenter, English priest and theologian (d. 1625)
  • February 21 – Marten Pepijn, Flemish painter (d. 1643)
  • February 27
    • John Adolf, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp (1590–1616) (d. 1616)
    • Anna of Holstein-Gottorp, countess consort of East Frisia (d. 1610)
  • April 18 – Frederick Magnus, Count of Erbach-Fürstenau (1606–1618) (d. 1618)
  • April 21 – Francesco Molin, Doge of Venice (d. 1655)
  • April 26 – Marie de' Medici, queen of Henry IV of France (d. 1642)
  • May 20 – Robert Heath, English judge and politician (d. 1649)
  • May 30 – Diego Salcedo, Spanish bishop (d. 1644)
  • June 15 – Lelio Biscia, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1638)
  • June 24 – William Petre, 2nd Baron Petre, English peer and MP (d. 1637)
  • June 26 – Anne Catherine of Brandenburg (d. 1612)
  • July 2 – Elizabeth de Vere, Countess of Derby (d. 1627)
  • July 11 – Thomas Berkeley, English politician (d. 1611)
  • July 14 – Augustus, Prince of Anhalt-Plötzkau, German prince (d. 1653)
  • July 28 – Fernando de Valdés y Llanos, Spanish Catholic archbishop (d. 1639)
  • July 31 – Simon Steward, English politician (d. 1632)
  • August 14 – Robert Hayman, English-born poet (d. 1629)
  • August 15 – Diego, Prince of Asturias, Portuguese prince (d. 1582)
  • August 18 – Countess Palatine Anna Maria of Neuburg, Duchess of Saxe-Altenburg (d. 1643)
  • August 24 – William Burton, British antiquarian (d. 1645)
  • November 4 – Guido Reni, Italian painter (d. 1642)
  • November 26 – John Augustus, Count Palatine of Lützelstein, German count (d. 1611)
  • December 4 – The Nun of Monza, Italian nun (d. 1650)
  • December 18 – Michelagnolo Galilei, Italian lutenist and composer (d. 1631)
  • date unknown
    • Jakob Böhme, German mystic (d. 1624)
    • David Calderwood, Scottish divine and historian (d. 1650)
    • Concino Concini, 3rd Prime Minister of France (d. 1617)
    • Anna Kostka, Polish noblewoman (d. 1635)
    • Lionel Cranfield, 1st Earl of Middlesex, successful London merchant (d. 1645)
    • William Parker, 4th Baron Monteagle (d. 1622)
    • Arbella Stuart, Duchess of Somerset (d. 1615)
    • Cyril Tourneur, English dramatist (d. 1626)
    • Rory O'Donnell, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell (d. 1608)
  • probable
    • Vittoria Aleotti, Italian composer (d. c. 1620)
    • Giambattista Basile, Italian poet (d. 1632)
    • Edmund Bolton, English historian and poet (d. 1633)
    • Clemente Tabone, Maltese landowner and militia member (d. 1665)[62]

1576

Archduchess Catherine Renata of Austria
Duchess Anna of Prussia
  • January 4 – Archduchess Catherine Renata of Austria, Austrian archduchess (d. 1599)
  • January 5 – Anne Turner, English murderer (d. 1615)
  • January 12 – Petrus Scriverius, Dutch writer and scholar on the history of Holland and Belgium (d. 1660)
  • February 2 – Alix Le Clerc, French Canoness Regular and foundress (d. 1622)
  • February 10 – Festus Hommius, Dutch theologian (d. 1642)
  • February 29 – Antonio Neri, Italian chemist (d. 1614)
  • March 14 – Eric of Lorraine, Bishop of Verdun (d. 1623)
  • March 31 – Countess Louise Juliana of Nassau, countess consort and a regent of the Palatinate (d. 1644)
  • May 17 – Joam Mattheus Adami, Italian Jesuit missionary (d. 1633)
  • May 24 – Elizabeth Carey, Lady Berkeley, English courtier (d. 1635)
  • May 27 – Caspar Schoppe, German controversialist and scholar (d. 1649)
  • June 6 – Giovanni Diodati, Swiss-born Italian Calvinist theologian and translator (d. 1649)
  • June 16 – Giovanni Battista Viola, Italian painter (d. 1622)
  • July 3 – Duchess Anna of Prussia, Electress consort of Brandenburg and Duchess consort of Prussia (d. 1625)
  • September 22 – Philipp of Bavaria, German Catholic cardinal (d. 1598)
  • October – Thomas Weelkes, English composer and organist (d. 1626)
  • October 6 – Roger Manners, 5th Earl of Rutland, eldest surviving son of John Manners (d. 1612)
  • October 7 – John Marston, English writer (d. 1634)
  • October 12 – Thomas Dudley, Governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony (d. 1653)
  • October 28 – Rudolph, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst, Prince of Anhalt (1586–1603), then Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst (1603–1621) (d. 1621)
  • October 30 – Enrico Caterino Davila, Italian historian and diplomat (d. 1631)
  • November 6 – Charles Günther, Count of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (1605–1630) (d. 1630)
  • November 17 – Roque Gonzales, Paraguayan missionary (d. 1628)
  • November 18 – Philipp Ludwig II, Count of Hanau-Münzenberg (1580–1612) (d. 1612)
  • November 27 – Shimazu Tadatsune, Japanese ruler of Satsuma (d. 1638)
  • December 20 – Saint John Sarkander, Moravian priest (d. 1620)
  • date unknown
    • William Ames, English Protestant philosopher (d. 1633)
    • John Carver, first governor of Plymouth Colony (d. 1621)
    • Giulio Cesare la Galla, professor of philosophy at the Collegio Romano in Italy (d. 1624)
    • Santino Solari, Swiss architect and sculptor (d. 1646)
  • probable – Jesper Mattson Cruus af Edeby, Swedish soldier and politician (d. 1622)

1577

Christian IV of Denmark and Norway
Peter Paul Rubens
  • January 9 – Anthony Irby, English politician (d. 1610)
  • January 12 – Francesco Stelluti, Italian mathematician (d. 1652)
  • January 13 – Hugh Audley, English moneylender/lawyer/philosopher (d. 1662)
  • February 5 – Johann Baptist Grossschedel, German noble, alchemist and esoteric author (d. 1630)
  • February 6 – Beatrice Cenci, Italian noblewoman who conspired to kill her father (d. 1599)[63]
  • February 7 – Francis Walsingham, English Jesuit (d. 1647)
  • February 8 – Robert Burton, English scholar at Oxford University (d. 1640)
  • February 15 – Jean Riolan the Younger, French anatomist (d. 1657)
  • February 17 – Augustus, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg, German noble (d. 1656)
  • February 18 – Roger North, English politician (d. 1651)
  • February 22 – Pieter Huyssens, Flemish architect (d. 1637)
  • March 1 – Richard Weston, 1st Earl of Portland (d. 1635)
  • March 2 – George Sandys, English traveller (d. 1644)
  • March 5 – Franciscus Dousa, Dutch classical scholar (d. 1630)
  • March 20 – Alessandro Tiarini, Italian Baroque painter of the Bolognese School (d. 1668)
  • March 24 – Francis, Duke of Pomerania-Stettin, Bishop of Cammin (d. 1620)
  • April 12 – King Christian IV of Denmark and Norway (d. 1648)[64]
  • April 26 – Countess Elisabeth of Nassau, French noble (d. 1642)
  • May 20 – Philip de' Medici, Italian noble (d. 1582)
  • May 31 – Nur Jahan, empress consort of the Mughal Empire (d. 1645)
  • June 12 – Paul Guldin, Swiss Jesuit mathematician (d. 1643)
  • June 28 – Peter Paul Rubens, Flemish painter (d. 1640)[65]
  • July 9 – Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr, English governor of Virginia (d. 1618)
  • July 21
    • Anne de Montafié, Countess of Clermont-en-Beauvaisis, French countess (d. 1644)
    • Adam Willaerts, Dutch painter (d. 1664)
  • August 11 (bapt.) – Barnaby Potter, English Bishop of Carlisle (d. 1642)
  • September 1 – Scipione Borghese, Italian Catholic cardinal and art collector (d. 1633)
  • September 8 – Otto Heurnius, Dutch physician and philosopher (d. 1652)
  • September 24 – Louis V, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt from 1596 to 1626 (d. 1626)
  • October 3 – Tobie Matthew, English Member of Parliament, later Catholic priest (d. 1655)
  • October 6 – Ferdinand of Bavaria (d. 1650)
  • October 11 – Jørgen Lunge, Danish politician (d. 1619)
  • October 17
    • Cristofano Allori, Italian portrait painter (d. 1621)
    • Dmitry Pozharsky, Russian prince (d. 1642)
  • November 2 – John Bridgeman, British bishop (d. 1652)
  • November 4 – François Leclerc du Tremblay (d. 1638)
  • November 10 – Jacob Cats, Dutch poet, jurist and politician (d. 1660)
  • November 24 – Louis Philip, Count Palatine of Guttenberg, Palatinate-Veldenz (d. 1601)
  • November 25 – Piet Pieterszoon Hein, Dutch admiral and privateer for the Dutch Republic (d. 1629)
  • December 8 – Mario Minniti, Italian artist active in Sicily after 1606 (d. 1640)
  • December 20 – Antonio Brunelli, Italian composer and theorist (d. 1630)
  • December 25 – Petrus Kirstenius, German physician and orientalist (d. 1640)
  • December 27 – William Howard, 3rd Baron Howard of Effingham, English politician and Baron (d. 1615)
  • date unknown
    • Christoph Besold, German jurist (d. 1638)
    • Giacomo Cavedone, Italian painter (d. 1660)
    • Robert Cushman, English Plymouth Colony settler (d. 1625)
    • Kobayakawa Hideaki, Japanese samurai and warlord (d. 1602)
    • William Noy, English lawyer and politician (d. 1634)
    • Samuel Purchas, English travel writer (d. 1626)
    • Meletius Smotrytsky, Ruthenian religious activist and author, who developed Church Slavonic grammar (d. 1633)
    • Gerhard Johann Vossius, German classical scholar and theologian (d. 1649)

1578

William Harvey
Philip III of Spain
  • January 7 – Agnes of Solms-Laubach, Landgravine of Hesse-Kassel (d. 1602)
  • January 10 – Christopher Clitherow, Lord Mayor of London and Member of Parliament (d. 1641)
  • January 28 – Cornelius Haga, Dutch diplomat (d. 1654)
  • March 18 – Adam Elsheimer, German artist working in Rome, who died at only thirty-two (d. 1610)
  • April 1 – William Harvey, English physician (d. 1657)[66]
  • April 14 – King Philip III of Spain (d. 1621)[67]
  • April 17 – Maximilian van der Sandt, Dutch theologian (d. 1656)
  • May 11 – Christian Günther I, Count of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen (1601–1642) (d. 1642)
  • June 5 – Claude, Duke of Chevreuse (d. 1657)
  • June 13 – Thomas Finch, 2nd Earl of Winchilsea, Member of Parliament (d. 1639)
  • July 9 – Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1637)
  • July 21 – Philipp Hainhofer, German merchant, banker, diplomat and art collector (d. 1647)
  • July 27 – Frances Howard, Duchess of Richmond, British duchess (d. 1639)
  • July 31 – Countess Catharina Belgica of Nassau, regent of Hanau-Münzenberg (d. 1648)
  • August 5 – Charles d'Albert, duc de Luynes, first duke of Chaulnes (d. 1621)
  • August 10 – Matteo Rosselli, Italian painter (d. 1650)
  • August 17
    • Francesco Albani, Italian painter (d. 1660)[68]
    • Johann, Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, first prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (d. 1638)
  • August 24 – John Taylor, English poet who dubbed himself The Water Poet (d. 1653)
  • September 11 – Vincenzo Maculani, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1667)
  • September 17 – John Prideaux, English academic administrator and Anglican bishop (d. 1650)
  • October 4 – Giovanni Francesco Guidi di Bagno, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1641)
  • October 12 – Baldassare Aloisi, Italian painter (d. 1638)
  • October 19 – Christine of Hesse-Kassel, Duchess of Saxe-Eisenach and Saxe-Coburg (d. 1658)
  • November 4 – Wolfgang Wilhelm, Count Palatine of Neuburg, Duke of Jülich and Berg (1614–1635) (d. 1653)
  • November 6 – Maximilian of Liechtenstein, Austrian nobleman and Imperial General (d. 1645)
  • December 2 – Agostino Agazzari, Italian composer and music theorist (d. 1640)
  • December 7 – Okaji no Kata, Japanese concubine of Tokugawa Ieyasu (d. 1642)
  • December 20 – Henry of Lorraine, Duke of Mayenne, French noble (d. 1621)
  • December 28 – Henry Bulstrode, English Member of Parliament (d. 1643)
  • December 30 – Ulrik of Denmark, Danish prince-bishop (d. 1624)
  • approx. date – Fede Galizia, Italian painter
  • date unknown
    • Giambattista Andreini, Italian actor and playwright (d. 1650)
    • Yamada Arinaga, Japanese retainer of the Shimazu clan (d. 1668)
    • Benedetto Castelli, Italian scientist (d. 1643)
    • Thomas Coventry, 1st Baron Coventry, English lawyer (d. 1640)
    • Iwasa Matabei, Japanese painter (d. 1650)
    • Samuel Jordan, American colonial legislator (d. 1623)
    • Grzegorz IV Radziwiłł, Polish magnate (d. 1613)
    • François Ravaillac, killer of Henry IV of France (d. 1610)
    • Ambrose Rookwood, English Gunpowder Plot conspirator (d. 1606)
    • Francis Manners, 6th Earl of Rutland (d. 1632)
    • Horio Tadauji, Japanese daimyō (d. 1604)
    • Everard Digby, English conspirator (d. 1606)

1579

Tokugawa Hidetada
  • January 1 – Jacob Dircksz de Graeff, Dutch mayor (d. 1638)
  • January 4 – Willem Teellinck, Dutch pastor (d. 1629)
  • January 7 – Juan Manuel Pérez de Guzmán, 8th Duke of Medina Sidonia, Spanish nobleman, Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece (d. 1636)
  • January 23 – Marie of Prussia, Margravine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth (d. 1649)
  • January 27 – Antonio Tornielli, Italian Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Novara (1636–1650) (d. 1650)
  • February 9 – Johannes Meursius, Dutch classical scholar and antiquary (d. 1639)
  • February 24 – Johann Jacob Grasser, Swiss poet, historian and theologian (d. 1627)
  • March 23 – Francis Mansell, English academic (d. 1665)
  • April 10 – Augustus the Younger, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (d. 1666)
  • April 12 – François de Bassompierre, French courtier (d. 1646)
  • April 25 – García de Toledo Osorio, 6th Marquis of Villafranca, Spanish noble and politician (d. 1649)
  • May 1 – Wolphert Gerretse, Dutch founder of the New Netherland Colony (d. 1662)
  • May 2 – Tokugawa Hidetada, Japanese shōgun (d. 1632)
  • June 17 – Louis I, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen, German prince (d. 1650)
  • June 18 – Afonso Mendes, Patriarch of Ethiopia (d. 1659)
  • July 2 – Janusz Radziwiłł, Lithuanian and Polish nobleman (d. 1620)
  • July 6
    • Bernardino de Almansa Carrión, Spanish Catholic prelate and Archbishop (d. 1633)
    • Francis Norris, 1st Earl of Berkshire, English noble (d. 1622)
  • July 13 – Arthur Dee, English physician and alchemist (d. 1651)
  • August 1 – Luis Vélez de Guevara, Spanish dramatist and novelist (d. 1644)
  • August 18 – Countess Charlotte Flandrina of Nassau (d. 1640)
  • August 21 – Henri, Duke of Rohan (d. 1638)
  • August 23 – Thomas Dempster, Scottish scholar and historian (d. 1625)
  • September 1
    • John Frederick of Holstein-Gottorp, Prince-Bishop, German Catholic archbishop (d. 1634)
    • Samuel Coster, Dutch writer (d. 1665)
  • September 3 – Louis I, Count of Erbach-Erbach (1606–1643) (d. 1643)
  • September 17 – Charles Howard, 2nd Earl of Nottingham, English noble (d. 1642)
  • October 4 – Guido Bentivoglio, Italian cardinal (d. 1644)
  • October 18 – Anthony Abdy, English merchant (d. 1640)
  • November 7 – Juan de Peñalosa, Spanish painter (d. 1633)
  • November 11 – Frans Snyders, Flemish painter (d. 1657)
  • November 12 – Albrecht of Hanau-Münzenberg, German nobleman (d. 1635)
  • November 16 – Federico Baldissera Bartolomeo Cornaro, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1653)
  • December 9 – Martin de Porres, Peruvian monk, Roman Catholic saint (d. 1639)
  • December 20 (bapt.) – John Fletcher, English dramatist (d. 1625)
  • date unknown
    • Jacob Astley, 1st Baron Astley of Reading, royalist commander in the English Civil War (d. 1652)
    • Arthur Johnston, Scottish physician and poet (d. 1641)
    • John Ogilvie, Scottish Jesuit, Roman Catholic saint (martyred 1615)

Deaths

1570

Ippolita Gonzaga
Manuel da Nobrega
Duke Frederick III of Legnica
  • January 8 – Philibert de l'Orme, French architect (b. 1510)
  • January 23 – James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray, regent of Scotland (assassinated) (b. c.1531)
  • February 13 – Eleonora Gonzaga, Duchess of Urbino, politically active Italian duchess (b. 1493)
  • February 20 – Johannes Scheubel, German mathematician (b. 1494)
  • March 1 – Bernhard VII, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst (b. 1540)
  • March 16 – Ippolita Gonzaga, Italian nun (b. 1503)
  • April 13 – Daniele Barbaro, Italian architect (b. 1514)
  • July 3 – Aonio Paleario, Italian humanist and reformer (executed) (b. c. 1500)
  • July 25 – Ivan Mikhailovich Viskovatyi, Russian diplomat
  • August 4 – Marie Catherine Gondi, French court official (b. c. 1500)
  • September 6 – Agostino Gallo, Italian agronomist (b. 1499)
  • September 11 – Johannes Brenz, German theologian and Protestant Reformer (b. 1499)
  • October 1 – Frans Floris, Flemish painter (b. 1520)
  • October 18 – Manuel da Nóbrega, Portuguese Jesuit missionary in Brazil (b. 1517)
  • October 20
    • João de Barros, Portuguese historian (b. 1496)
    • Francesco Laparelli, Italian architect (b. 1521)
  • November – Jacques Grévin, French dramatist (b. 1539)
  • November 21 – Ruxandra Lăpușneanu, Moldavian regent (b. 1538)
  • November 27 – Jacopo Sansovino, Italian sculptor and architect (b. 1486)[69]
  • December 15 – Frederick III of Legnica, Duke of Legnica (b. 1520)
  • date unknown
    • François Bonivard, Swiss patriot and historian (b. 1496)
    • Francesco Primaticcio, Italian painter, architect, and sculptor (b. 1504)
    • Tomás de Santa María, Spanish music theorist

1571

Hans Asper
  • January 3
    • Joachim II Hector, Elector of Brandenburg (b. 1505)
    • Yi Hwang, Korean Neo-Confucian scholar, (b.1502)
  • January 9 – Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon, French naval officer (b. 1510)
  • January 13 – John, Margrave of Brandenburg-Küstrin (b. 1513)
  • January 19 – Paris Bordone, Venetian painter (b. 1495)
  • February 12 – Nicholas Throckmorton, English diplomat and politician (b. 1515)
  • February 13 – Benvenuto Cellini, Italian artist (b. 1500)[70]
  • March 6 – Tsukahara Bokuden, Japanese swordsman (b. 1489)
  • March 14 – John Sigismund Zápolya, King of Hungary (b. 1540)
  • March 21
    • Odet de Coligny, French cardinal and Protestant (b. 1517)
    • Hans Asper, Swiss painter (b. 1499)
  • April 6 – John Hamilton, Scottish prelate and politician (b. 1511)
  • May 4 – Pierre Viret, Swiss theologian (b. 1511)
  • May 29 – Joachim Mörlin, German Lutheran bishop (b. 1514)
  • June 1 – John Story, English Catholic (martyred) (b. 1504)
  • June 3 – Tarik Sulayman, Filipino chieftain
  • June 7 – Francesco Corteccia, Italian composer (b. 1502)
  • July 6 – Mōri Motonari, Japanese warlord (b. 1497)
  • July 15 – Shimazu Takahisa, Japanese samurai and warlord (b. 1514)
  • July 17 – Georg Fabricius, German poet (b. 1516)[71]
  • August 17 – Marco Antonio Bragadin, Venetian lawyer and military officer (b. 1523)
  • September 4 – Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox (b. 1516)
  • September 23 – John Jewel, English Anglican bishop (b. 1522)
  • October 7
    • Dorothea of Saxe-Lauenburg, Danish queen, consort of Christian III of Denmark (b. 1511)
    • Müezzinzade Ali Pasha, Ottoman statesmen and naval officer
  • November 24 – Jan Blahoslav, Czech writer (b. 1523)
  • December 14 – Lorenzo Strozzi, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1513)
  • date unknown
    • Titu Cusi, Incan ruler (b. 1529)
    • Anna Vigfúsdóttir á Stóru-Borg, Icelandic landowner
    • Setthathirath, Laotian king of Lan Na and Lan Xang (b. 1534)
    • Jan Tarło, Polish noble

1572

Pope Pius V
Longqing Emperor of China
King Sigismund II Augustus of Poland
Saint John of Cologne and Martyrs of Gorkum died on July 7, 1572
Miguel Lopez de Legazpi
Gaspard de Coligny
Saint Francis Borgia

1573

Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda
  • January 1
    • Hans Boije af Gennäs, Swedish commander
    • Johann Pfeffinger, German theologian (b. 1493)
  • January 12 – William Howard, 1st Baron Howard of Effingham, English Lord High Admiral (b. 1510)
  • February 7 – Hedwig Jagiellon, Electress of Brandenburg (b. 1513)
  • March 2 – Johann Wilhelm, Duke of Saxe-Weimar (b. 1530)
  • March 3 – Claude, Duke of Aumale, third son of Claude, Duke of Guise (b. 1526)
  • March 13 – Michel de l'Hôpital, French statesman (b. 1505)[75]
  • April 2 – Otto Truchsess von Waldburg, German Catholic cardinal (b. 1514)
  • April 7 – Andreas Masius, Flemish Catholic priest (b. 1514)
  • April 29 – Guillaume Le Testu, French privateer (b. 1509)
  • May 13 – Takeda Shingen, Japanese warlord (b. 1521)
  • May 14 (bur.) – Richard Grafton, English merchant and printer (b. c.1506/7)
  • June 15 – Antun Vrančić, Croatian archbishop (b. 1504)
  • July – Étienne Jodelle, French dramatist and poet (b. 1532)[76]
  • July 7 – Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola, Italian architect (b. 1507)
  • July 16 – Wigbolt Ripperda, mayor of Haarlem, Netherlands
  • July 29
    • John Caius, English physician (b. 1510)
    • Ruy Gómez de Silva, Portuguese noble (b. 1516)
  • August 14 – Saitō Tatsuoki, Japanese warlord (b. 1548)
  • September 7 – Joanna of Austria, Princess of Portugal (b. 1535)
  • September 16 – Asakura Yoshikage, Japanese warlord (b. 1533)
  • September 23 – Azai Hisamasa, Japanese warlord (b. 1526)
  • September 26 – Azai Nagamasa, Japanese warlord (b. 1545)
  • October 27 – Laurentius Petri, first Lutheran Archbishop of Sweden (b. 1499)[77]
  • November 9 – Shimazu Katsuhisa, Japanese nobleman (b. 1503)
  • November 17 – Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda, Spanish philosopher and theologian (b. 1494)
  • December 30 – Giovanni Battista Giraldi, Italian novelist and poet (b. 1504)
  • date unknown
    • Paul Skalich, Croatian encyclopedist (b. 1534)
    • Reginald Wolfe, English printer
    • Maria van Schooten, Dutch war heroine (b. 1555)
    • Murakami Yoshikiyo, Japanese warlord (b. 1501)

1574

Charles IX of France
Pedro Menendez de Aviles
Sultan Selim II

1575

Hernando de Aragón
Matthias Flacius
Reverend Matthew Parker
Francisco de Ibarra
Gaspar Cervantes de Gaeta
  • January 4 – Sidonie of Saxony, Duchess of Brunswick-Calenberg (b. 1518)
  • January 14 – Barbara Uthmann, German businessperson (b. 1514)
  • January 22 – James Hamilton, Duke of Châtellerault (b. 1516)
  • January 29 – Hernando de Aragón, Spanish Roman Catholic archbishop (b. 1498)
  • February 9 – Karl Friedrich of Jülich-Cleves-Berg, heir apparent of Jülich-Cleves-Berg (b. 1555)
  • February 20 – Maria of Jever, last ruler of the Lordship of Jever (b. 1500)
  • February 21 – Claude of Valois, Duchess consort of Lorraine and French princess (b. 1547)
  • March 11 – Matthias Flacius, Croatian Protestant reformer (b. 1520)
  • March 15 – Annibale Padovano, Italian composer and organist (b. 1527)
  • March 17 – Georg Cracow, German lawyer and politician (b. 1525)
  • March 24 – Yosef Karo, Spanish-born Jewish rabbi. Author of the book "Shulchan Aruch" (b. 1488)
  • May 17 – Matthew Parker, English Roman Catholic archbishop (b. 1504)
  • May 28 – Sophia Jagiellon, Duchess of Brunswick-Lüneburg (b. 1522)
  • June 3 – Francisco de Ibarra, Spanish explorer and colonial governor in Mexico (b. c. 1539)
  • June 7 – Sir George Heron, English politician
  • June 28 – Yonekura Shigetsugu, Japanese samurai
  • June 29
    • Baba Nobuharu, Japanese samurai
    • Hara Masatane, Japanese samurai (b. 1531)
    • Naito Masatoyo, Japanese samurai (b. 1522)
    • Sanada Nobutsuna, Japanese samurai (b. 1537)
    • Takeda Nobuzane, Japanese daimyō
    • Yamagata Masakage, Japanese samurai (b. 1524)
  • July 14 – Richard Taverner, English Bible translator (b. 1505)
  • July 29 – Jon Simonssøn, Norwegian humanist (b. 1512)
  • August 2 – Christopher II, Margrave of Baden-Rodemachern (b. 1537)
  • September 17 – Heinrich Bullinger, Swiss religious reformer (b. 1504)
  • September 24 – Anna of Oldenburg, Regent of East Frisia (b. 1501)
  • October 17 – Gaspar Cervantes de Gaeta, Spanish Roman Catholic cardinal (b. 1511)
  • October 20 – Kaspar Eberhard, German theologian (b. 1523)
  • October 24 – Peder Oxe, Danish finance minister (b. 1520)
  • November 2 – Sabina of Brandenburg-Ansbach, German princess (b. 1529)
  • December 1 – Diego Andrada de Payva, Portuguese theologian (b. 1528)
  • December 23 – Akiyama Nobutomo, Japanese retainer (b. 1531)
  • December 31 – Pierino Belli, Italian soldier and jurist (b. 1502)
  • date unknown
    • Constantio Varoli, Italian anatomist (b. 1543)
    • Isabel de Josa, Catalan writer (b. 1508)

1576

Tahmasp I
Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor

1577

Eric XIV of Sweden
Saint Cuthbert Mayne

1578

Giovanni Battista Moroni
Sebastian of Portugal
Archduke Wenceslaus of Austria
Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias

1579

Sokollu Mehmed Pasha
  • February 5 – Countess Palatine Helena of Simmern, Countess consort of Hanau-Münzenberg (1551-1561) (b. 1532)
  • February 16 – Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada, Spanish explorer (b. 1509)
  • February 20 – Nicholas Bacon, English politician (b. 1509)
  • March 12 – Alessandro Piccolomini, Italian humanist and philosopher from Siena (b. 1508)[84]
  • April 25 – John Stuart, 4th Earl of Atholl
  • May 6 – François de Montmorency, French nobleman (b. 1530)
  • May 20 – Isabella Markham, English courtier (b. 1527)
  • June 17 – Johannes Stadius, German astronomer, astrologer, mathematician (b. 1527)
  • June 25 – Hatano Hideharu, Japanese samurai (b. 1541)
  • July 3 – Edward Fitton, the elder, Irish politician (b. 1527)
  • August 5 – Stanislaus Hosius, Polish Catholic cardinal (b. 1504)
  • August 12 – Domenico Bollani, Bishop of Milan (b. 1514)
  • October 11 – Sokollu Mehmed Pasha, Turkish Janissary and Grand Vizier (b. 1505)
  • October 13 – William Drury, English politician (b. 1527)
  • October 21 – Tanegashima Tokitaka, Japanese Daimyo (b. 1528)
  • October 24 – Albert V, Duke of Bavaria (b. 1528)
  • November 9 – Philip VI, Count of Waldeck (1567–1579) (b. 1551)
  • November 15 – Francis David, Hungarian religious reformer (b. 1510)
  • November 21 – Thomas Gresham, English merchant and financier (b. 1519)
  • date unknown
    • Giovanni Battista Adriani, Italian historian (b. c. 1512)
    • Diego de Landa, Spanish Bishop of the Yucatán (b. 1524)
    • Hieronim Jarosz Sieniawski, Polish noble (b. 1516)
    • Barbara Thenn, Austrian merchant and Münzmeister (b. 1519)
    • William Whittingham, English Biblical scholar and religious reformer (b. 1524)
    • Voravongsa I, Laotian king of Lan Xang
  • probable - Hans Staden, German adventurer (b. 1525)

References
  1. The Gentleman's Magazine. F. Jefferies. 1967. p. 174.
  2. Marijke Donkersloot-de Vrij; Y. Marijke Donkersloot-De Vrij (1967). The World on Paper: A Descriptive Catalogue of Cartographical Material Published in Amsterdam During the Seventeenth Century. Theatrum Orbis Terrarum. p. 27.
  3. Lorelei D. C. De Viana (2001). Three Centuries of Binondo Architecture, 1594-1898: A Socio-historical Perspective. University of Santo Tomas Publishing House. p. 6. ISBN 978-971-506-169-8.
  4. Mack P. Holt (13 October 2005). The French Wars of Religion, 1562–1629. Cambridge University Press. p. 71. ISBN 978-1-139-44767-6.
  5. Guidoboni, Emanuela. "Terremoti a Ferrara e nel suo territorio: un rischio sottovalutato". Ferrara, voci di una città. Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio di Ferrara. Retrieved July 21, 2011.
  6. Kim Williams (16 December 2008). Nexus Network Journal 10,2: Architecture and Mathematics. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 227. ISBN 978-3-7643-8766-2.
  7. The Florida Historical Quarterly. Florida Historical Society. 1984. p. 278.
  8. Henri Troyat (December 1988). Ivan the Terrible. Dorset Press. p. 173. ISBN 978-0-88029-207-8.
  9. Hibbert, Christopher, ed. (1988). The Encyclopædia of Oxford. London: Macmillan. p. 198. ISBN 0-333-39917-X.
  10. "The Library of Parliament's research tool for finding information on legislation". Library of Parliament. 2010-01-28. Archived from the original on February 2, 2010. Retrieved 28 January 2010.
  11. Islamic Studies. Islamic Research Institute. 1993. p. 451.
  12. "Epic World History: Potosí (Silver Mines of Colonial Peru)". epicworldhistory.blogspot.com. 2015. Retrieved 1 May 2015. In 1571, after numerous trials, the Spanish perfected the techniques for refining Potosí's silver ore with Huancavelica's mercury, prompting Viceroy Francisco de Toledo to gush that the union of the two mines would create the world's greatest marriage.
  13. Du Rietz, Anita, Kvinnors entreprenörskap: under 400 år, 1. uppl., Dialogos, Stockholm, 2013
  14. Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 226–229. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.
  15. Tyerman, Christopher (2000). A History of Harrow School. Oxford University Press. pp. 8–17. ISBN 0-19-822796-5.
  16. Mircea Eliade (1987). The Encyclopedia of Religion. Macmillan. p. 175. ISBN 978-0-02-909820-2.
  17. St James Press; Anthony Levi; Retired Professor of French Anthony Levi (1992). Guide to French Literature: Beginnings to 1789. St. James Press. p. 1012. ISBN 978-1-55862-159-6.
  18. St. John's University (New York, N.Y.) (1960). Saint Vincent de Paul: A Tercentenary Commemoration of His Death, 1660-1960. St. John's University Press. p. 78.
  19. University of Otago Library exhibition note for The Earth & Beyond Archived February 12, 2012, at the Wayback Machine; Allen, R. H. Star Names: their Lore and Meaning, Bill Thayer's edition at LacusCurtius, "Cassiopeia."
  20. "The Lusiads". World Digital Library. 1800–1882. Retrieved 2013-08-31.
  21. Jeroen Pieter Lamers (2000). Japonius Tyrannus: The Japanese Warlord, Oda Nobunaga Reconsidered. Hotei Publishing. p. 49. ISBN 978-90-74822-22-0.
  22. James D. Henderson; Alexander C. Henderson; Helen Delpar (2000). A Reference Guide to Latin American History. M.E. Sharpe. p. 83. ISBN 978-1-56324-744-6.
  23. "Queen Elizabeth's boys' grammar has been doing its own thing since 1573". The Independent. 9 April 2014. Archived from the original on May 1, 2022. Retrieved 10 June 2019.
  24. William Edwards (1960). Notes on European History: The Reformation and the ascendancy of France, 1494-1715. Rivingtons. p. 290.
  25. David Buisseret (1972). Huguenots and Papists. Ginn. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-602-21539-2.
  26. Karin Tegenborg Falkdalen (2010). Vasadöttrarna ['The Vasa Daughters']. Falun: Historiska Media. ISBN 978-91-85873-87-6 (In Swedish)
  27. Albardonedo Freire, Antonio José (2002). El urbanismo de Sevilla durante el reinado de Felipe II. Sevilla: Guadalquivir. pp. 191–208. ISBN 84-8093-115-9.
  28. "Thomas Tallis". Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
  29. Katherine Crawford (22 April 2010). The Sexual Culture of the French Renaissance. Cambridge University Press. p. 216. ISBN 978-0-521-76989-1.
  30. Sir Adolphus William Ward (1934). the cambridge modern history. CUP Archive. p. 241.
  31. International Comparative Literature Association. Congress (1995). Proceedings of the ... Congress of the International Comparative Literature Association. University of North Carolina Press. p. 515.
  32. Arthur F. Kinney (1973). Titled Elizabethans: A Directory of Elizabethan State and Church Officers and Knights, with Peers of England, Scotland, and Ireland, 1558-1603. Archon Books. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-208-01334-7.
  33. Jeremy Black (2002). European Warfare, 1494-1660. Psychology Press. p. 100. ISBN 978-0-415-27532-3.
  34. Ife, B. W. "Introduction to Christopher Columbus, Journal of the first voyage". King's College London. Retrieved 22 Aug 2015.
  35. W. Martin James (1 March 2018). Historical Dictionary of Angola. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-5381-1123-9.
  36. Richards, John F. (1996). The Mughal Empire. Cambridge University Press. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-521-56603-2.
  37. Carmelo Peter Comberiati (1987). Late Renaissance Music at the Habsburg Court: Polyphonic Settings of the Mass Ordinary at the Court of Rudolf II, 1576-1612. Taylor & Francis. p. 11. ISBN 978-2-88124-192-5.
  38. Palmer, Alan; Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 156–159. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2.
  39. Mack P. Holt (13 October 2005). The French Wars of Religion, 1562–1629. Cambridge University Press. p. 112. ISBN 978-1-139-44767-6.
  40. George Best; Wilberforce Eames (1938). The Three Voyages of Martin Frobisher in Search of a Passage to Cathay and India by the North-west, A.D. 1576-8. Argonaut Press. p. cxii.
  41. Theodore Gerhardt Tappert (1 January 1959). The Book of Concord: The Confessions of the Evangelical Lutheran Church. Fortress Press. p. 464. ISBN 978-1-4514-1894-1.
  42. Njåstad, Magne. "Ludvig Munk". In Helle, Knut (ed.). Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
  43. Mack P. Holt (13 October 2005). The French Wars of Religion, 1562–1629. Cambridge University Press. p. 112. ISBN 978-1-139-44767-6.
  44. Harvard University Library (1971). Harvard Library Bulletin. Harvard University Library. p. 128.
  45. Frederick William Butt-Thompson (1920). King Peters of Sierra Leone. Religious Tract Society. p. 122.
  46. John Fitzmaurice (1988). The Politics of Belgium: Crisis and Compromise in a Plural Society. C. Hurst. p. 16. ISBN 978-1-85065-038-6.
  47. St James Press; Anthony Levi; Retired Professor of French Anthony Levi (1992). Guide to French Literature: Beginnings to 1789. St. James Press. p. 223. ISBN 978-1-55862-159-6.
  48. Letters Patent to Sir Humfrey Gylberte June 11, 1578, from the Avalon Project.
  49. "Voyage of the Golden Hind". The Golden Hind. Brixham. 2012. Archived from the original on January 17, 2013. Retrieved September 2, 2013.
  50. W. Brulez; A. C. F. Koch; E. H. Kossman (6 December 2012). Acta Historiae Neerlandicae/Studies on the History of the Netherlands VI. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 28. ISBN 978-94-011-5945-6.
  51. Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 156–159. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2.
  52. Haddow, Alexander John (1982). The History and Structure of Ceol Mor: A Guide to Piobaireachd, the Classical Music of the Great Highland Bagpipe: a Collection of Critical and Historical Essays. M.R.S. Haddow. p. 67.
  53. Mack P. Holt (2 May 2002). The Duke of Anjou and the Politique Struggle During the Wars of Religion. Cambridge University Press. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-521-89278-0.
  54. Chase's Calendar of Events 2014. McGraw Hill Professional. 4 October 2013. p. 221. ISBN 978-0-07-183091-1.
  55. Raymond Russell (1965). The Harpsichord and Clavichord: An Introductory Study. October House. p. 96.
  56. Gilles Neret. Caravaggio. Taschen. p. 93. ISBN 978-3-8365-3685-1.
  57. Acta universitatis palackianae olomucensis. 1978. p. 61.
  58. "Inigo Jones | English architect and artist". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 10 June 2019.
  59. Ronald H. Fritze; William B. Robison (1996). Historical Dictionary of Stuart England, 1603-1689. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 284. ISBN 978-0-313-28391-8.
  60. Anthony John Turner (1993). Of Time and Measurement: Studies in the History of Horology and Fine Technology. Variorum. p. 183. ISBN 978-0-86078-378-7.
  61. Hakluyt Society (1967). Works. Kraus Reprint. p. lxiii.
  62. Bugeja, Anton (2014). "Clemente Tabone: The man, his family and the early years of St Clement's Chapel" (PDF). The Turkish Raid of 1614: 42–57. Archived from the original on 20 June 2018.
  63. Irene Musillo Mitchell (1991). Beatrice Cenci. P. Lang. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-8204-1525-3.
  64. Council of Europ; Steffen Heiberg; Nationalhistoriske museum på Frederiksborg (1988). Christian IV and Europe: The 19th Art Exhibition of the Council of Europe, Denmark 1988. Foundation for Christian IV Year 1988. p. 18. ISBN 978-87-982843-2-1.
  65. Paul Oppenheimer (2002). Rubens: A Portrait. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 85. ISBN 978-0-8154-1209-0.
  66. "BBC - History - William Harvey". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
  67. The Encyclopedia Americana. Grolier. 2000. p. 887. ISBN 978-0-7172-0133-4.
  68. Michael Levey (1964). The Later Italian Pictures in the Collection of Her Majesty the Queen. Phaidon Publishers. p. 51.
  69. Sir John Wyndham Pope-Hennessy (1963). An Introduction to Italian Sculpture. Phaidon Press. p. 51.
  70. Sir John Wyndham Pope-Hennessy (1963). An Introduction to Italian Sculpture. Phaidon Press. p. 70.
  71. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Fabricius, Georg" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 119. ....where he died on the 17th of July 1571
  72. "Saint Pius V | pope | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 23 April 2022.
  73. Jasper Godwin Ridley (1968). John Knox. Oxford University Press. p. 517. ISBN 978-0-19-821373-4.
  74. "1570s". Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) (in German).
  75. Seong-Hak Kim (1991). Michel de L'Hôpital: The Political Vision of a Reformist Chancellor 1560-1568. University of Minnesota. p. 270.
  76. Harry S. Ashmore (1961). Encyclopaedia Britannica: A New Survey of Universal Knowledge. Encyclopaedia Britannica. p. 80.
  77. August Strindberg (1921). Mäster Olof: prosaupplagan skådespel i fem akter. A. Bonniers. p. xx.
  78. Carel van Mander (1994). The Lives of the Illustrious Netherlandish and German Painters, from the First Edition of the Schilder-boeck (1603-1604): Commentary on Biography and Lives : fol. 196r01-211r35. Davaco. p. 50. ISBN 978-90-70288-91-4.
  79. Jem Sultan (1977). Coins of the Ottoman Empire and the Turkish Republic: A Detailed Catalogue of the Jem Sultan Collection. B & R Publishers. p. 119.
  80. Harold Edwin Wethey; Tiziano Vecellio; Titian (1969). The Paintings of Titian: The religious paintings. Phaidon. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-7148-1393-6.
  81. Paul E. J. Hammer (24 June 1999). The Polarisation of Elizabethan Politics: The Political Career of Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, 1585-1597. Cambridge University Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-521-43485-0.
  82. "Erik XIV | king of Sweden". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
  83. Encyclopædia Britannica: A New Survey of Universal Knowledge. Encyclopædia Britannica. 1964. p. 149.
  84. Basil Brown (1968). Astronomical Atlases, Maps & Charts: An Historical & General Guide. Dawsons of Pall Mall. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-7129-0131-4.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.