1938

1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1938th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 938th year of the 2nd millennium, the 38th year of the 20th century, and the 9th year of the 1930s decade.

Millennium: 2nd millennium
Centuries:
Decades:
Years:
1938 by topic
Subject
  • Animation
    • Anime
  • Archaeology
  • Architecture
  • Art
  • Aviation
  • Awards
  • Comics
  • Film
  • Literature
    • Poetry
  • Meteorology
  • Music
    • Country
    • Jazz
  • Rail transport
  • Radio
  • Science
  • Sports
  • Football
  • Television


    • British
By country
  • Australia
  • Belgium
  • Bulgaria
  • Brazil
  • Canada
  • China
  • France
  • Germany
  • India
  • Ireland
  • Italy
  • Japan
  • Malaya
  • New Zealand
  • Norway
  • Palestine Mandate
  • Philippines
  • South Africa
  • Soviet Union
  • Spain
  • Sweden
  • Turkey
  • United Kingdom
  • United States
Lists of leaders
  • Sovereign states
  • Sovereign state leaders
  • Territorial governors
  • Religious leaders
  • Law
Birth and death categories
  • Births
  • Deaths
Establishments and disestablishments categories
  • Establishments
  • Disestablishments
Works category
  • Works
  • Introductions
1938 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar1938
MCMXXXVIII
Ab urbe condita2691
Armenian calendar1387
ԹՎ ՌՅՁԷ
Assyrian calendar6688
Baháʼí calendar94–95
Balinese saka calendar1859–1860
Bengali calendar1345
Berber calendar2888
British Regnal year2 Geo. 6 – 3 Geo. 6
Buddhist calendar2482
Burmese calendar1300
Byzantine calendar7446–7447
Chinese calendar丁丑年 (Fire Ox)
4634 or 4574
    — to —
戊寅年 (Earth Tiger)
4635 or 4575
Coptic calendar1654–1655
Discordian calendar3104
Ethiopian calendar1930–1931
Hebrew calendar5698–5699
Hindu calendars
 - Vikram Samvat1994–1995
 - Shaka Samvat1859–1860
 - Kali Yuga5038–5039
Holocene calendar11938
Igbo calendar938–939
Iranian calendar1316–1317
Islamic calendar1356–1357
Japanese calendarShōwa 13
(昭和１３年)
Javanese calendar1868–1869
Juche calendar27
Julian calendarGregorian minus 13 days
Korean calendar4271
Minguo calendarROC 27
民國27年
Nanakshahi calendar470
Thai solar calendar2480–2481
Tibetan calendar阴火牛年
(female Fire-Ox)
2064 or 1683 or 911
    — to —
阳土虎年
(male Earth-Tiger)
2065 or 1684 or 912
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1938.


Events

January
January 20: King Farouk
January 16: Benny Goodman in New York City
January 27: The Honeymoon Bridge, Niagara, collapses under ice.

February

March
March 4: Oil discovery in Saudi Arabia
  • March 1 – Lee Byung-chul establishes a trucking business in Daegu on 1 March 1938, which he names Samsung Trading Co, the forerunner to Samsung.[8]
  • March 3
    • The Santa Ana River in California spills over its banks during a rainy winter, killing 58 people in Orange County, and causing trouble as far inland as Palm Springs.[9]
    • Oil is discovered in Saudi Arabia.
    • Sir Nevile Henderson, British Ambassador to Germany, presents a proposal to Hitler for an international consortium to rule much of Africa (in which Germany would be assigned a leading role), in exchange for a German promise never to resort to war to change her frontiers; Hitler rejects the British offer.
  • March 12 – Anschluss: German troops occupy Austria; annexation is declared the following day.
  • March 14 – French Premier Léon Blum reassures the Czechoslovak government that France will honor its treaty obligations to aid Czechoslovakia, in the event of a German invasion.
  • March 17 – Poland presents an ultimatum to Lithuania, to establish normal diplomatic relations that were severed over the Vilnius Region.
  • March 18
    • Mexico nationalizes all foreign-owned oil properties within its borders.
    • General Werner von Fritsch is acquitted of charges of homosexuality at his court-martial.
  • March 27 – Italian mathematician Ettore Majorana disappears suddenly under mysterious circumstances, while travelling by ship from Palermo to Naples.
  • March 28 – At a meeting with Hitler in Berlin, Konrad Henlein is instructed to make increasing demands concerning the status of the Sudetenland, but to avoid reaching an agreement with Czechoslovak authorities.
  • March 30 – Italy's Duce Benito Mussolini is granted equal power over the Italian military to that of King Victor Emmanuel III, as First Marshal of the Empire.[10]

April
  • April 10
    • Édouard Daladier becomes prime minister of France. He appoints as Foreign Minister a leading advocate of the policy of appeasement, Georges Bonnet, effectively negating Blum's reassurances of March 14.
    • In a result that astonishes even Hitler, the Austrian electorate in a national referendum approves Anschluss by an overwhelming 99.73%.
  • April 16 – The UK and Italy sign an agreement that sees Britain recognise Italian control of Ethiopia (formally on November 16), in return for an Italian pledge to withdraw all its 10,000 troops from Spain, at the conclusion of the civil war there.
  • April 18 – Superman first appears in Action Comics #1 (cover date June). The date is established in court documents released during the legal battle over the rights to Superman (on April 18, 2018, DC Comics released Action Comics #1000).
  • April 24 – Konstantin Päts becomes the first President of Estonia.

May
  • May 5
    • The Vatican recognizes Francisco Franco's government in Spain.
    • General Ludwig Beck, Chief of the German Army's General Staff, submits a memorandum to Hitler opposing Fall Grün (Case Green), the plan for a war with Czechoslovakia, under the grounds that Germany is ill-prepared for the world war likely to result from such an attack.
  • May 12 – U.S. Secretary of State Cordell Hull rejects the Soviet Union's offer of a joint defence pact, to counter the rise of Nazi Germany.
  • May 14 – Chile withdraws from the League of Nations.
  • May 19 – May Crisis 1938: Czechoslovak intelligence receives reports of menacing German military concentrations (it later appears the reports are false).
  • May 20 – Czechoslovakia orders a partial mobilization of its armed forces along the German border.
  • May 21 – Tsuyama massacre: Matsuo Toi kills 30 people in a village in Okayama, Japan, in the world's worst spree killing by an individual until 1982.
  • May 23 – No evidence of German troop movements against Czechoslovakia is found, and the May Crisis subsides. Germany is, nevertheless, perceived to have backed down in the face of Czechoslovak mobilization and international diplomatic unity, but the issue of the future of the Sudetenland is far from resolved.
  • May 25
  • May 28 – In a conference at the Reich Chancellery, Hitler declares his decision to destroy Czechoslovakia by military force, and orders the immediate mobilization of 96 Wehrmacht divisions.
  • May 30 – Hitler issues a revised directive for Fall Grün ("Case Green") - the invasion of Czechoslovakia - to be carried out by October 1, 1938.

June

July
  • July – The Mauthausen concentration camp is built in Austria.
  • July 1 – The South African Press Association is established, with offices in Cape Town, Johannesburg, Durban, Bloemfontein and Pretoria.
  • July 3
  • July 5 – The Non-Intervention Committee reaches an agreement to withdraw all foreign volunteers from the Spanish Civil War. The agreement is respected by most Republican International Brigades, notably those from England and the United States, but is ignored by the governments of Germany and Italy.
  • July 6 – The Evian Conference on Refugees is convened in France. No country in Europe is prepared to accept Jews fleeing persecution, and the United States will take only 27,370.
  • July 14 – Howard Hughes sets a new record, by completing a 91-hour airplane flight around the world.
  • July 18 – Wrong Way Corrigan takes off from New York, ostensibly heading for California. He lands in Ireland instead.
  • July 22 – Britain rejects a proposal from its ambassador in Berlin, Nevile Henderson, for a four-power summit on Czechoslovakia consisting of Britain, France, Germany and the U.S.S.R., as London will under no circumstances accept the U.S.S.R. as a diplomatic partner.
  • July 24 – The north face of the Eiger in the Alps is first ascended.
  • July 28
  • July 30 – The first ever issue of The Beano children's comic is published in Britain.

August
  • August – In the face of overwhelming Japanese military pressure, Chiang Kai-shek withdraws his government to Chungking.
  • August 3 – Lord Runciman, sent by Neville Chamberlain, arrives in Prague on his mission of mediation, in the Sudetenland dispute.
  • August 10 – At a secret summit with his leading generals, Hitler attacks General Beck's arguments against Fall Grün, winning the majority of his senior officers over to his point of view.
  • August 18 – Colonel General Ludwig Beck, convinced that Hitler's decision to attack Czechoslovakia will lead to a general European war, resigns his position as Chief of the Army General Staff in protest.
  • August 23 – Hitler, hosting a dinner on board the ocean liner Patria in Kiel Bay, tells the Regent of Hungary, Admiral Horthy, that action against Czechoslovakia is imminent and that "he who wants to sit at the table must at least help in the kitchen", a reference to Horthy's designs on Carpathian Ruthenia.
  • August 27 – General Beck leaves office as Chief of the General Staff; he is replaced by General Franz Halder.

September
  • September – The European crisis over German demands for annexation of the Sudeten borderland of Czechoslovakia becomes increasingly severe.
  • September 5 – Czechoslovakian President Edvard Beneš invites mid-level representatives of the Sudeten Germans Hradčany Palace, to tell them he will accept whatever demands they care to make, provided the Sudetenland remains part of the Republic of Czechoslovakia.
  • September 6 – What eventually proves to be the last of the "Nuremberg Rallies" begins. It draws worldwide attention because it is widely assumed that Hitler, in his closing remarks, will signal whether there will be peace with or war over Czechoslovakia.
  • September 7 – The Times publishes a lead article, which calls on Czechoslovakia to cede the Sudetenland to Germany.
  • September 10 – Hermann Göring, in a speech at Nuremberg, calls the Czechs a "miserable pygmy race" who are "harassing the human race." That same evening, Edvard Beneš, President of Czechoslovakia, makes a broadcast in which he appeals for calm.
  • September 12 – Hitler makes his much-anticipated closing address at Nuremberg, in which he vehemently attacks the Czech people and President Beneš. American news commentator Hans von Kaltenborn begins his famous marathon of broadcast bulletins over the CBS Radio Network, with a summation of Hitler's address.
  • September 13 – The followers of Konrad Henlein begin an armed revolt against the Czechoslovak government in Sudetenland. Martial law is declared and after much bloodshed on both sides order is temporarily restored. Neville Chamberlain personally sends a telegram to Hitler, urgently requesting that they both meet.
  • September 15 – Neville Chamberlain arrives in Berchtesgaden, to begin negotiations with Hitler over the Sudetenland.
  • September 16 – Lord Runciman is recalled to London from Prague, in order to brief the British government on the situation in the Sudetenland.
  • September 17 – Neville Chamberlain returns temporarily to London, to confer with his cabinet. The U.S.S.R. Red Army masses along the Ukrainian frontier. Rumania agrees to allow Soviet soldiers free passage across her territory to defend Czechoslovakia.
  • September 18
    • During a meeting between Neville Chamberlain, the recently elected Premier of France, Édouard Daladier, and Daladier's Foreign Minister, Georges Bonnet, it becomes apparent that neither the British nor the French governments are prepared to go to war over the Sudetenland. The Soviet Union declares it will come to the defence of Czechoslovakia only if France honours her commitment to defend Czechoslovak independence.
    • Mussolini makes a speech in Trieste, Italy, where he indicates that Italy is supporting Germany in the Sudeten crisis.
  • September 21
    • In the early hours of the day, representatives of the French and British governments call on Czechoslovak President Edvard Beneš, to tell him France and Britain will not fight Hitler if he decides to annex the Sudetenland by force. Late in the afternoon, the Czechoslovak government capitulates to the French and British demands.
    • Winston Churchill warns of grave consequences to European security, if Czechoslovakia is partitioned. The same day, Soviet Foreign Commissar Maxim Litvinov makes a similar statement in the League of Nations.
    • Following the capitulation of the Czech government to Germany's demands, both Poland and Hungary demand slices of Czech territory where their nationals reside.
    • The 1938 New England hurricane in the United States strikes Long Island and southern New England, killing over 300 along the Rhode Island shoreline and 600 altogether.
  • September 22
    • Unable to survive the previous day's capitulation to the demands of the English and French governments, Czechoslovak premier Milan Hodža resigns. General Jan Syrový takes his place.
    • Neville Chamberlain arrives in the city of Bad Godesberg, for another round of talks with Hitler over the Sudetenland crisis. Hitler raises his demands to include occupation of all German Sudeten territories by October 1. That night after a telephone conference, Chamberlain reverses himself and advises the Czechoslovaks to mobilize.[13]
  • September 23
    • The Czechoslovak army mobilizes.[14]
    • As the Polish army masses along the Czech border, the Soviet Union warns Poland that if it crosses the Czech frontier, Russia will regard the 1932 non-aggression pact between the two countries as void.
  • September 24
    • Sir Eric Phipps, British Ambassador to France, reports to London, "all that is best in France is against war, almost at any price", being opposed only by a "small, but noisy and corrupt, war group". Phipps's report creates major doubts about the ability and/or willingness of France to go to war.[15]
    • At 1:30 AM, Adolf Hitler and Neville Chamberlain conclude their talks on the Sudetenland. Chamberlain agrees to take Hitler's demands, codified in the Godesberg Memorandum, personally to the Czech Government. The Czech Government rejects the demands, as does Chamberlain's own cabinet. The French Government also initially rejects the terms and orders a partial mobilization of the French army.
  • September 25 – British Royal Navy is ordered to sea.[16]
  • September 26 – In a vitriolic speech at Berlin's Sportpalast, Hitler defies the world and implies war with Czechoslovakia will begin at any time.
  • September 28 – As his self-imposed October 1 deadline for occupation of the Sudetenland approaches, Adolf Hitler invites Italian Duce Benito Mussolini, French Premier Edourd Deladier and British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain to one last conference in Munich. The Czechs themselves are not invited.
  • September 29
    • Colonel Graham Christie, former British military attaché in Berlin, is told by Carl Friedrich Goerdeler that the mobilization of the Royal Navy has badly damaged the popularity of the Nazi regime, as the German public realizes that Fall Grün is likely to cause a world war.
    • Munich Agreement: German, Italian, British and French leaders agree to German demands regarding annexation of the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia. The Czechoslovak government is largely excluded from the negotiations, and is not a signatory to the agreement.
    • The Republic of Hatay is declared in Syria.
  • September 30 – Neville Chamberlain returns to Britain from meeting with Adolf Hitler, and declares "Peace for our time".

October
  • October – The Imperial Japanese Army largely overruns Canton.
  • October 1 – German troops march into the Sudetenland. The Polish government gives the Czech government an ultimatum, stating that Zaolzie region must be handed over within twenty-four hours. The Czechs have little choice but to comply; Polish forces occupy Zaolzie.
  • October 2
    • Tiberias massacre: Arab raiders murder 19 Jewish immigrants.
    • Disgusted with Neville Chamberlain's conduct at Munich, Duff Cooper resigns his post as First Lord of the Admiralty. With his resignation, formal debate begins in the Parliament of the United Kingdom on the Munich Agreement, but with Chamberlain at the peak of his popularity, there can be little doubt His Majesty's Government will receive a vote of confidence.
  • October 4 – The Republican forces in the Spanish Civil War begin withdrawing their foreign volunteers from combat, as agreed on July 5.
  • October 5
    • Edvard Beneš, president of Czechoslovakia, resigns.
    • Nuremberg Laws: In Nazi Germany, Jews' passports are invalidated, and those who need a passport for emigration purposes are given one marked with the letter J ("Jude" – "Jew").[17]
  • October 10 – The Blue Water Bridge opens, connecting Port Huron, Michigan and Sarnia, Ontario.
  • October 16 – Winston Churchill, in a broadcast address to the United States, condemns the Munich Agreement as a defeat, and calls upon America and western Europe to prepare for armed resistance against Hitler.
  • October 18 – The German government expels 12,000 Polish Jews living in Germany; the Polish government accepts 4,000 and refuses admittance to the remaining 8,000, who are forced to live in the no-man's land on the German-Polish frontier.
  • October 21 – In direct contravention of the recently signed Munich Agreement, Adolf Hitler circulates among his high command a secret memorandum stating that they should prepare for the "liquidation of the rest of Czechoslovakia" and the occupation of Memel.
  • October 24
  • October 27
    • DuPont announces a name for its new synthetic yarn: "nylon".
    • Jews with Polish citizenship are evicted from Nazi Germany.[17]
  • October 30
    • The War Of The Worlds broadcast causes mass panic in the united states.

November
November 9-10: Night of Broken Glass.
  • November 1 – Horse racing: Seabiscuit defeats War Admiral by four lengths, in their famous match race at Pimlico Race Course in Baltimore.
  • November 2 – Arising from The Munich Agreement, Hungary is "awarded" the Felvidek region of South Slovakia and Ruthenia.
  • November 7 – Ernst vom Rath, the Third Secretary at the German Embassy in Paris, is assassinated by Herschel Grynszpan.
  • November 9 – Holocaust – Kristallnacht: In Germany, the "night of broken glass" begins as Nazi activists and sympathizers loot and burn Jewish businesses (the all night affair sees 7,500 Jewish businesses destroyed, 267 synagogues burned, 91 Jews killed and at least 25,000 Jewish men arrested).[18]
  • November 10
    • On the eve of Armistice Day, Kate Smith sings Irving Berlin's God Bless America for the first time on her weekly radio show.
    • İsmet İnönü becomes the second president of Turkey.
  • November 11 – Celâl Bayar forms the new government of Turkey (10th government; Celal Bayar had served twice as a prime minister).
  • November 12 – French Finance Minister Paul Reynaud brings into effect a series of laws aiming at improving French productivity (thus aiming to undo the economic weaknesses which led to Munich), and undoes most of the economic and social laws of the Popular Front.
  • November 16
    • LSD is first synthesized by Albert Hofmann from ergotamine, at the Sandoz Laboratories in Basel.[19]
    • The Halifax Slasher mass hysteria "attack" incident is first reported in the UK.
  • November 18 – Trade union members elect John L. Lewis, as the first president of the Congress of Industrial Organizations in the United States.
  • November 25 – French Foreign Minister Georges Bonnet informs Léon Noël, the French Ambassador to Poland, that France should find an excuse for terminating the 1921 Franco-Polish alliance.
  • November 30
    • The Czechoslovak parliament elects Emil Hácha as the new president of Czechoslovakia.
    • Benito Mussolini and his Foreign Minister, Count Galeazzo Ciano, order "spontaneous" demonstrations in the Italian Chamber of Deputies, demanding that France cede Tunisia, Nice, Corsica and French Somaliland to Italy. This begins an acute crisis in Franco-Italian relations, that lasts until March 1939.
    • Corneliu Zelea Codreanu, leader of the Romanian fascist Iron Guard, is murdered on the orders of King Carol II of Romania. Officially, Codreanu and the 13 other Iron Guard leaders are "shot while trying to escape".
    • A general strike is called in France by the French Communist Party, to protest the laws of November 12.

December
  • December
    • President Roosevelt agrees to loan $25 million to Chiang Kai-shek, cementing the Sino-American relationship and angering the Japanese government.
    • Adolf Hitler is Time magazine's "Man of the Year", as the most influential person of the year.
  • December 1 – Slovakia is granted the status of an autonomous state, under Catholic priest Fr. Joseph Tiso.
  • December 6 – German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop visits Paris, where he is allegedly informed by French Foreign Minister Georges Bonnet that France now recognizes all of Eastern Europe as being in Germany's exclusive sphere of influence. Bonnet's alleged statement (he subsequently always denies making the remark) to Ribbentrop is a major factor in German policy in 1939.
  • December 11
    • Kingdom of Yugoslavia parliamentary election: The opposition gains votes but not seats.
    • Following elections in the Lithuanian city of Memel, the Lithuanian Nazi party wins over 90% of the votes.
  • December 13 – The Neuengamme concentration camp opens near Hamburg.
  • December 15 – The Netherlands closes its border to refugees.
  • December 16 –The cornerstone of the Voortrekker Monument is laid in Pretoria.
  • December 17 – Otto Hahn discovers the nuclear fission of uranium, the scientific and technological basis of nuclear power, which marks the beginning of the Atomic Age.
  • December 23 – A coelacanth, a fish thought to have been extinct, is caught off the coast of South Africa, near the Chalumna River.
  • December 24 – Leading Korean dancer Choi Seung-hee arrives in Le Havre, France after her tour in the United States. This is to begin her European tour in France, Belgium, Switzerland, Italy, Germany, and the Netherlands.[20] She is the first Korean Wave entertainer.
  • December 27 – A massive avalanche of snow hits a construction worker dormitory site in Kurobe, Japan, killing 87 people.

Date unknown
  • Majlis Khuddam-ul Ahmadiyya is established by Khalifat-ul Masih II, Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad, the second Caliph of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community.
  • The Walther P38 pistol design is agreed to by the German military.
  • The last Schomburgk's deer in the wild is said to have been killed.[21]
  • Herbert E. Ives and G. R. Stilwell execute the Ives–Stilwell experiment, showing that ions radiate at frequencies affected by their motion.[22]

Births
Births
January · February · March · April · May · June · July · August · September · October · November · December

January–February
King Juan Carlos I of Spain
Etta James
Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands
István Szabó

March–April
Ricardo Lagos Escobar
Alpha Condé
Kofi Annan
Claudia Cardinale

May–June
King Moshoeshoe II
Giuliano Amato
Princess Désirée
  • May 2 – King Moshoeshoe II of Lesotho (d. 1996)
  • May 13 – Giuliano Amato, 48th Prime Minister of Italy
  • May 16 – Marco Aurelio Denegri, Peruvian literature critic, television host and sexologist (d. 2018)[44]
  • May 19 – Girish Karnad, Indian actor, screenwriter and playwright (d. 2019)
  • May 22 – Susan Strasberg, American actress (d. 1999)
  • May 24 – Prince Buster, Jamaican singer-songwriter (d. 2016)
  • May 26
    • William Bolcom, American composer and arranger
    • Teresa Stratas, Canadian operatic soprano[45]
  • May 28 – Jerry West, American basketball player and executive[46]
  • June 2 – Princess Désirée, Baroness Silfverschiöld, Princess of Sweden
  • June 5 – Karin Balzer, German athlete (d. 2019)[47]
  • June 10 – Abdul Aziz Shamsuddin, Malaysian politician (d. 2020)
  • June 24 – Abulfaz Elchibey, Azerbaijani political figure, 2nd President of Azerbaijan (d. 2000)
  • June 26 – Maria Velho da Costa, Portuguese writer
  • June 30 – Billy Mills, American Olympic athlete[48]

July–August
Diana Rigg
Natalie Wood
Leonid Kuchma
Kenny Rogers
Paul Martin

September–October
Wim Kok
Farah Diba
Christopher Lloyd

November–December
Queen Sofía of Spain
Benjamin Mkapa
Ted Turner
Jon Voight

Date unknown
  • Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, President of Mauritania (d. 2020)
  • Tafazzul Haque Habiganji, Bangladeshi Islamic scholar and politician (d. 2020)[78]

Deaths

January
Prince Nicholas of Greece and Denmark
Andreas Michalakopoulos

February
Edmund Landau

March
Cevat Çobanlı
Lidia Charskaya
Lakshminath Bezbaroa

April
Patriarch Khoren I of Armenia
César Vallejo

May
Carl von Ossietzky
Cao Kun

June
Ernst Ludwig Kirchner
Edith Anne Stoney
María Obligado de Soto y Calvo

July
Queen Marie of Romania
Franz I, Prince of Liechtenstein

August
Robert Johnson

September
Blessed Maria Teresa of St. Joseph
Aurelio Giorni
Silouan the Athonite
Paul Olaf Bodding
  • September 1 – Nikolai Bryukhanov, Soviet statesman, political figure and People's Commissar of Finances (b. 1878)
  • September 3 – Gustav Adolf Closs, German illustrator, painter (b. 1864)
  • September 5 – Gheorghe Mărdărescu, Romanian general and politician (b. 1866)
  • September 6 – Alfonso de Borbón y Battenberg, Prince of Asturias, former heir apparent to the throne of Spain (b. 1907)
  • September 8 – Cecilio Apostol, Filipino poet, laurate (b. 1877)
  • September 12 – Prince Arthur of Connaught (b. 1883)
  • September 15
    • Yannoulis Chalepas, Greek sculptor (b. 1851)
    • Thomas Wolfe, American author (b. 1900)
  • September 16
    • Herman Baltia, Belgian general (b. 1863)
    • Valerie Bergere, French-born American actress (b. 1867)
  • September 17 – Bruno Jasieński, Polish poet (b. 1901)
  • September 19 – Pauline Frederick, American actress (b. 1883)
  • September 20 – Maria Teresa of St. Joseph, German Roman Catholic religious professed and blessed (b. 1855)
  • September 21
    • Ivana Brlić-Mažuranić, Yugoslav writer (b. 1874)
    • Oscar Westover Major General, Chief of the United States Army Air Corps, in a plane crash in Burbank, California.
  • September 23
    • Philbert Maurice d'Ocagne, French engineer, mathematician (b. 1862)
    • Aurelio Giorni, Italian composer, pianist (b. 1895)
  • September 24 – Silouan the Athonite, Soviet Orthodox priest and saint (b. 1866)
  • September 25– Paul Olaf Bodding, Norwegian missionary to India, creator of the Santali Latin alphabet (b. 1865)
  • September 30 – Tang Shaoyi, First Premier of the Republic of China (b. 1862)

October
Alexandru Averescu
José Luis Tejada Sorzano
Saint Faustina Kowalska
Ernst Barlach

November
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
Kaarlo Castren

December
Annie Armstrong

Nobel Prizes

References
  1. "Nederlandse Spoorwegen". 2011-06-12. Retrieved 2011-12-27.
  2. "Colorful Fetes Mark Royal Wedding that will Link Egypt and Persian". The Meriden Daily Journal. 13 March 1939. Retrieved 13 August 2020.
  3. Murat Bardakçı (2017). Neslishah: The Last Ottoman Princess. Oxford University Press. p. 158. ISBN 978-977-416-837-6.
  4. "Fall Of The Honeymoon Bridge" (PDF). niagarafallsmuseums.ca. Retrieved August 13, 2020.
  5. ""Bondi's Black Sunday"" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2011.  (113 KB), Waverley Library Local History. Retrieved 27 September 2010.
  6. Francisco J. Romero Salvadó (9 September 2005). The Spanish Civil War: Origins, Course and Outcomes. Macmillan International Higher Education. p. 150. ISBN 978-0-230-20305-1.
  7. Gorton Carruth (1993). The Encyclopedia of World Facts and Dates. HarperCollins. p. 687. ISBN 978-0-06-270012-4.
  8. Woo, Jaeyeon (22 July 2011). "Memorializing the Company Founder, With Ads, 3-D and Holograms". WSJ. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.(subscription required)
  9. "Daily Pilot - Serving Newport Beach & Costa Mesa, California". Archived from the original on July 8, 2011. Retrieved 2009-05-18.
  10. Dante L. Germino (1959). The Italian Fascist Party in Power: A Study in Totalitarian Rule. U of Minnesota Press. p. 158. ISBN 978-0-8166-6034-6.
  11. David Lee Poremba (18 February 1999). Detroit: City of Champions. Arcadia Publishing. p. 25. ISBN 978-1-4396-2152-3.
  12. The New International Year Book. Dodd, Mead and Company. 1989. p. 352.
  13. Neville Chamberlain (2000). The Neville Chamberlain Diary Letters: The Downing Street years, 1934-1940. Ashgate Pub. p. 349. ISBN 978-0-7546-5266-3.
  14. Eva Gregorovičová (2002). Treasures of the Central State Archives in Prague: The State of Bohemia and Czechoslovakia in Documents, 1158-1990 : Exhibition Catalogue. Central State Archives in Prague. ISBN 978-80-85475-82-1.
  15. The Contemporary Review. A. Strahan. 1953. p. 125.
  16. "Events leading to the Munich settlement". BBC Bitesize. Retrieved 2020-11-15.
  17. Nazi Germany and the Jews: 1938 – “The Fateful Year” Archived June 29, 2011, at the Wayback Machine on the Yad Vashem website
  18. It Came From Within... 71 Years Since Kristallnacht - Online exhibition from Yad Vashem, including survivor testimonies, archival footage, photos and stories.
  19. Albert Hofmann; translated from the original German (LSD Ganz Persönlich) by J. Ott. MAPS-Volume 6, Number 69, Summer 1969.
  20. Kang, Joon-shik (2012). Choi Seung-hee Critical Biography. Noonbit. p. 231. ISBN 978-89-7409-709-7.
  21. Acta Theriologica. Polish Scientific Publishers. 1985. p. 291.
  22. Ives, Herbert E.; Stilwell, G. R. (1938). "An Experimental Study of the Rate of a Moving Atomic Clock". Journal of the Optical Society of America. 28 (7): 215–19. Bibcode:1938JOSA...28..215I. doi:10.1364/JOSA.28.000215. Retrieved 2011-09-23.
  23. "Bohumil Nemecek". IOC. Retrieved February 21, 2021.
  24. "Tok Mat dies". The Star. January 1, 2010. Archived from the original on 22 June 2011. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
  25. Juan Pablo Fusi Aizpurúa (1987). Franco: a biography. Harper & Row. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-06-433127-2.
  26. White, Andrew (1999). Time out book of Paris walks. London: Penguin. p. 59. ISBN 9780140287219.
  27. O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F. (October 2015), "1938", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews, retrieved 2021-07-02
  28. Daily Report: China. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 2 August 1993. p. 6.
  29. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. (3 March 1962). Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. p. 26.
  30. Jeff Hannusch (1985). I Hear You Knockin': The Sound of New Orleans Rhythm and Blues. Swallow Publications. p. 56. ISBN 978-0-9614245-0-3.
  31. Schaffer, Michael D. (July 24, 2012). "'Jeffersons' star Sherman Hemsley dies at 74". Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved August 14, 2012.
  32. "Mohammed Gammoudi". IOC. Retrieved February 21, 2021.
  33. "Philip Knight". Oxford Reference. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
  34. B. Turner (12 January 2017). The Statesman's Yearbook 2012: The Politics, Cultures and Economies of the World. Springer. p. 565. ISBN 978-1-349-59051-3.
  35. Louis Paul (29 November 2014). Tales from the Cult Film Trenches: Interviews with 36 Actors from Horror, Science Fiction and Exploitation Cinema. McFarland. p. 279. ISBN 978-0-7864-8402-7.
  36. "Arpad ORBAN - Olympic Football | Hungary". International Olympic Committee. June 13, 2016.
  37. "Arpad Orban - Stats - titles won". www.footballdatabase.eu.
  38. "Shashi Kapoor was always the best man, never the groom - Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis". 4 December 2017. Archived from the original on 5 December 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
  39. "Betty Cuthbert". IOC. Retrieved February 21, 2021.
  40. Richard Martin; Taryn Benbow-Pfalzgraf (2002). Contemporary Fashion. St. James Press. p. 475. ISBN 978-1-55862-348-4.
  41. "Giovanni Benvenuti". IOC. Retrieved February 21, 2021.
  42. Stuart Colman (1982). They Kept on Rockin': The Giants of Rock'n'roll. Blandford Press. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-7137-1217-9.
  43. Bourne, Stephen (January 3, 1996). "Obituary: Madge Sinclair". The Independent. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
  44. Fangacio, Juan Carlos (27 July 2018). "Murió Marco Aurelio Denegri, el intelectual que se hizo ícono popular". El Comercio (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 July 2018.
  45. Randel, Don Michael (30 October 2002). The Harvard Concise Dictionary of Music and Musicians. Harvard University Press. p. 866. ISBN 978-0-674-25572-2.
  46. Sachare, Alex; Sloan, Dave (1988). The Sporting News Official NBA Register, 1988-1989. Sporting News Publishing Company. p. 352. ISBN 9780892042890 – via Internet Archive.
  47. "Karin Richert Balzer". IOC. Retrieved February 21, 2021.
  48. "Billy Mills". IOC. Retrieved February 21, 2021.
  49. Geert-Jan Jacobs (August 15, 2018). "Sjaak Swart wil niet dood, hij wil voetballen". www.vi.nl.
  50. "Enrique Figuerola". IOC. Retrieved March 12, 2021.
  51. Jean-Marc Bouineau (2001). Paul Verhoeven: beyond flesh and blood. Cinéditions. p. 10. ISBN 978-2-9516306-0-4.
  52. Horace Newcomb (3 February 2014). Encyclopedia of Television. Routledge. p. 1928. ISBN 978-1-135-19472-7.
  53. Paul T. Hellmann (14 February 2006). Historical Gazetteer of the United States. Routledge. p. 113. ISBN 1-135-94859-3.
  54. Frank Northen Magill; Alison Aves (November 1999). Dictionary of World Biography: The 20th century, O-Z. Routledge. p. 3153. ISBN 978-1-57958-048-3.
  55. Horace Newcomb (3 February 2014). Encyclopedia of Television. Routledge. p. 1221. ISBN 978-1-135-19472-7.
  56. John Chambers (1992). 101 Irish Lives. Gill and MacMillan. p. 216. ISBN 978-0-7171-1725-3.
  57. John Barrett (2001). Wimbledon: The Official History of the Championships. CollinsWillow. p. 117. ISBN 978-0-00-711707-9.
  58. "Bennie Muller bij Ajax". AFC-Ajax.info.
  59. Urofsky, Melvin I. (2006-05-25). Biographical Encyclopedia of the Supreme Court: The Lives and Legal Philosophies of the Justices. CQ Press. p. 74. ISBN 9781452267289.
  60. Smith, Roberta (January 26, 2011). "Dennis Oppenheim, a Pioneer in Earthworks and Conceptual Art, Dies at 72". The New York Times. Retrieved January 27, 2011.
  61. The Annual Obituary. St. Martin's. 1982. p. 241. ISBN 978-0-312-03877-9.
  62. "Greenland mourns politician Jonathan Motzfeldt". nunatsiaq.com. September 29, 2010. Retrieved March 12, 2021.
  63. Vat, Dan van der (22 October 2018). "Wim Kok obituary". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 October 2018.
  64. John Collis (19 August 2011). Gene Vincent & Eddie Cochran. Ebury Publishing. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-7535-4783-0.
  65. Driver. Department of the Air Force, Hq. Air Force Inspection and Safety Center. 1971. p. 10.
  66. Dawn Wells Dies Of Covid-19: Mary Ann On ‘Gilligan’s Island’ Was 82
  67. Contemporary; Contemporary Books (September 1990). Chase's Annual Events: Special Days, Weeks and Months in 1991. McGraw-Hill. p. 290. ISBN 978-0-8092-4087-6.
  68. Paul T. Hellmann (14 February 2006). Historical Gazetteer of the United States. Routledge. p. 162. ISBN 1-135-94859-3.
  69. B. Turner (12 January 2017). The Statesman's Yearbook 2012: The Politics, Cultures and Economies of the World. Springer. p. 787. ISBN 978-1-349-59051-3.
  70. Murray, Michael (1999). Encyclopedia of television news. Phoenix, Ariz: Oryx Press. p. 26. ISBN 9781573561082.
  71. Colin Larkin (1997). The Virgin Encyclopedia of Sixties Music. Virgin. p. 141. ISBN 978-0-7535-0149-8.
  72. Jeff Marcus (28 April 2003). A Biographical Directory of Professional Basketball Coaches. Scarecrow Press. p. 342. ISBN 978-1-4617-2653-1.
  73. Fitzgerald, Ross (1980). Comparing political thinkers. Sydney New York: Pergamon Press. p. 286. ISBN 9780080247991.
  74. Encyclopædia Britannica. "Ted Turner – Britannica Online Encyclopedia". Britannica.com. Retrieved March 24, 2010.
  75. David Outerbridge (1979). Without Makeup, Liv Ullmann: A Photo-biography. W. Morrow. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-688-03441-2.
  76. "Peter Snell". IOC. Retrieved February 21, 2021.
  77. Chase's Annual Events. Contemporary Books. 1994. p. 485. ISBN 978-0-8092-3732-6.
  78. "আল্লামা তাফাজ্জুল হক হবিগঞ্জীর ইন্তেকাল". Amader Shomoy (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 2020-01-06. Retrieved 2020-08-10.
  79. Johnny Gruelle Biography
  80. "Clarence Darrow Is Dead in Chicago". The New York Times. March 14, 1938. Retrieved July 4, 2018.
  81. Leonard, John W. (1914). Woman's Who's who of America: A Biographical Dictionary of Contemporary Women of the United States and Canada, 1914-1915 (Public domain ed.). American commonwealth Company. p. 895.
  82. "Gillis Grafström". IOC. Retrieved February 21, 2021.
  83. Joseph J. Kockelmans (1970). Phenomenology and the Natural Sciences: Essays and Translations. Northwestern University Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-8101-0613-0.
  84. Andrews, William L.; Foster, Frances Smith; Harris, Trudier, eds. (1997). The Oxford Companion to African American Literature. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 404 ff.
  85. John Barrett (2001). Wimbledon: The Official History of the Championships. CollinsWillow. p. 70. ISBN 978-0-00-711707-9.
  86. Dunn, Elwood D.; Beyan, Amos J.; Burrowes, Carl Patrick (2000). Historical Dictionary of Liberia. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. p. 33.
  87. Wollstein, Hans J. (1994). Strangers in Hollywood: the history of Scandinavian actors in American films from 1910 to World War II. Scarecrow Press. p. 309. ISBN 978-0-8108-2938-1. Retrieved July 30, 2010.
  88. Magarshack, David. 1950. Stanislavsky: A Life. London and Boston: Faber, 1986. ISBN 0-571-13791-1. Page 404.
  89. Lascelles Abercrombie British author
  90. Typhid Mary historical figure
  91. Bergman, Jay (1998). "Valerii Chkalov: Soviet Pilot as New Soviet Man". Journal of Contemporary History. 33 (1): 135–152. doi:10.1177/003200949803300108. JSTOR 261001. S2CID 157937639.
  92. Izvestia, 8 January 1991. Reproduced according to ed. – Osip Mandelstam and his time: Sat. memories. – Publisher L'Age d'Homme – Nash Dom, 1995 480 p. – p. 402.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.