August 7

August 7 is the 219th day of the year (220th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar; 146 days remain until the end of the year.

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August 7 in recent years
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  2018 (Tuesday)
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  2016 (Sunday)
  2015 (Friday)
  2014 (Thursday)
  2013 (Wednesday)

Events

Pre-1600
  • 461 – Roman Emperor Majorian is beheaded near the river Iria in north-west Italy following his arrest and deposition by the magister militum Ricimer.[1]
  • 626 – The Avar and Slav armies leave the siege of Constantinople.[2]
  • 768 – Pope Stephen III is elected to office, and quickly seeks Frankish protection against the Lombard threat, since the Byzantine Empire is no longer able to help.[3]
  • 936 – Coronation of King Otto I of Germany.[4]
  • 1461 – The Ming dynasty Chinese military general Cao Qin stages a coup against the Tianshun Emperor.[5]
  • 1479 – Battle of Guinegate: French troops of King Louis XI were defeated by the Burgundians led by Archduke Maximilian of Habsburg.[6]

1601–1900

1901–present

Births

Pre-1600
  • 317 – Constantius II, Roman emperor (d. 361)
  • 1282 – Elizabeth of Rhuddlan (d. 1316)
  • 1533 – Alonso de Ercilla, Spanish soldier and poet (d. 1595)
  • 1560 – Elizabeth Báthory, Hungarian aristocrat and purported serial killer (d. 1614)[50]
  • 1571 – Thomas Lupo, English viol player and composer (d. 1627)
  • 1574 – Robert Dudley, English explorer and cartographer (d. 1649)
  • 1598 – Georg Stiernhielm, Swedish poet and linguist (d. 1672)

1601–1900
  • 1613 – William Frederick, Prince of Nassau-Dietz, Dutch stadtholder (d. 1664)
  • 1702 – Muhammad Shah, Mughal emperor of India (d. 1748)
  • 1726 – James Bowdoin, American banker and politician, 2nd Governor of Massachusetts (d. 1790)
  • 1742 – Nathanael Greene, American general (d. 1786)
  • 1751 – Wilhelmina of Prussia, Princess of Orange (d. 1820)
  • 1779 – Carl Ritter, German geographer and academic (d. 1859)
  • 1826 – August Ahlqvist, Finnish professor, poet, scholar of the Finno-Ugric languages, author, and literary critic (d. 1889)[51]
  • 1844 – Auguste Michel-Lévy, French geologist and author (d. 1911)
  • 1860 – Alan Leo, English astrologer and author (d. 1917)
  • 1862 – Henri Le Sidaner, French painter (d. 1939)
  • 1862 – Victoria of Baden (d. 1931)
  • 1867 – Emil Nolde, Danish-German painter and illustrator (d. 1956)
  • 1868 – Ladislaus Bortkiewicz, Russian-German economist and statistician (d. 1931)
  • 1868 – Huntley Wright, English actor (d. 1941)
  • 1869 – Mary Frances Winston, American mathematician (d. 1959)[52]
  • 1876 – Mata Hari, Dutch dancer and spy (d. 1917)
  • 1879 – Johannes Kotze, South African cricketer (d. 1931)
  • 1884 – Billie Burke, American actress and singer (d. 1970)
  • 1884 – Nikolai Triik, Estonian painter and illustrator (d. 1940)
  • 1887 – Anna Elisabet Weirauch, German author and playwright (d. 1970)
  • 1890 – Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, American author and activist (d. 1964)

1901–present
  • 1901 – Ann Harding, American actress and singer (d. 1981)
  • 1903 – Louis Leakey, Kenyan-English palaeontologist and archaeologist (d. 1972)
  • 1904 – Ralph Bunche, American political scientist, academic, and diplomat, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1971)
  • 1907 – Albert Kotin, Belarusian-American soldier and painter (d. 1980)
  • 1910 – Freddie Slack, American pianist and bandleader (d. 1965)
  • 1911 – István Bibó, Hungarian lawyer and politician (d. 1979)
  • 1911 – Nicholas Ray, American director and screenwriter (d. 1979)
  • 1913 – George Van Eps, American guitarist (d. 1998)
  • 1916 – Kermit Love, American actor, puppeteer, and costume designer (d. 2008)
  • 1918 – C. Buddingh', Dutch poet and translator (d. 1985)
  • 1918 – Gordon Zahn, American sociologist and author (d. 2007)
  • 1921 – Manitas de Plata, French guitarist (d. 2014)
  • 1921 – Karel Husa, Czech-American composer and conductor (d. 2016)
  • 1924 – Kenneth Kendall, Indian-English journalist and actor (d. 2012)
  • 1925 – Felice Bryant, American songwriter (d. 2003)
  • 1926 – Stan Freberg, American puppeteer, voice actor, and singer (d. 2015)
  • 1927 – Rocky Bridges, American baseball player and coach (d. 2015)
  • 1927 – Edwin Edwards, American soldier, lawyer, and politician, 50th Governor of Louisiana (d. 2021)[53]
  • 1927 – Art Houtteman, American baseball player and journalist (d. 2003)
  • 1928 – Betsy Byars, American author and academic (d. 2020)
  • 1928 – Owen Luder, English architect, designed Tricorn Centre and Trinity Square (d. 2021)
  • 1928 – James Randi, Canadian-American stage magician and author (d. 2020)[54]
  • 1929 – Don Larsen, American baseball player (d. 2020)
  • 1930 – Togrul Narimanbekov, Azerbaijani-French painter and academic (d. 2013)
  • 1930 – Veljo Tormis, Estonian composer and educator (d. 2017)
  • 1931 – Jack Good, British television producer (d. 2017)
  • 1931 – Charles E. Rice, American scholar and author (d. 2015)
  • 1932 – Abebe Bikila, Ethiopian runner (d. 1973)
  • 1932 – Edward Hardwicke, English actor (d. 2011)
  • 1932 – Rien Poortvliet, Dutch painter and illustrator (d. 1995)
  • 1932 – Maurice Rabb, Jr., American ophthalmologist and academic (d. 2005)
  • 1933 – Eddie Firmani, South African footballer and manager
  • 1933 – Elinor Ostrom, American economist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2012)
  • 1933 – Jerry Pournelle, American journalist and author (d. 2017)
  • 1933 – Alberto Romulo, Filipino politician and diplomat
  • 1934 – Sándor Simó, Hungarian director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2001)
  • 1935 – Lee Corso, American college football coach and broadcaster[55]
  • 1935 – Rahsaan Roland Kirk, American saxophonist and composer (d. 1977)
  • 1937 – Zoltán Berczik, Hungarian table tennis player and coach (d. 2011)
  • 1937 – Don Wilson, English cricketer and coach (d. 2012)
  • 1940 – Jean-Luc Dehaene, French-Belgian lawyer and politician, 63rd Prime Minister of Belgium (d. 2014)
  • 1940 – Uwe Nettelbeck, German record producer, journalist and film critic (d. 2007)[56]
  • 1941 – Matthew Evans, Baron Evans of Temple Guiting, English publisher and politician (d. 2016)
  • 1942 – Garrison Keillor, American humorist, novelist, short story writer, and radio host
  • 1942 – Carlos Monzon, Argentinian boxer and actor (d. 1995)
  • 1942 – Caetano Veloso, Brazilian singer-songwriter, writer and producer
  • 1942 – Richard Sykes, English biochemist and academic
  • 1942 – B. J. Thomas, American singer (d. 2021)[57]
  • 1943 – Mohammed Badie, Egyptian religious leader
  • 1943 – Lana Cantrell, Australian singer-songwriter and lawyer
  • 1943 – Alain Corneau, French director and screenwriter (d. 2010)
  • 1944 – John Glover, American actor
  • 1944 – Robert Mueller, American soldier and lawyer, 6th Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation
  • 1945 – Kenny Ireland, Scottish actor and director (d. 2014)
  • 1945 – Alan Page, American football player and jurist
  • 1947 – Franciscus Henri, Dutch-Australian singer-songwriter
  • 1947 – Sofia Rotaru, Ukrainian singer-songwriter, producer, and actress
  • 1948 – Marty Appel, American businessman and author
  • 1948 – Greg Chappell, Australian cricketer and coach
  • 1949 – Walid Jumblatt, Lebanese journalist and politician
  • 1949 – Matthew Parris, South African-English journalist and politician
  • 1950 – Rodney Crowell, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
  • 1950 – Alan Keyes, American politician and diplomat, 16th Assistant Secretary of State for International Organization Affairs
  • 1950 – S. Thandayuthapani, Sri Lankan educator and politician
  • 1952 – Caroline Aaron, American actress and producer
  • 1952 – Eamonn Darcy, Irish golfer
  • 1952 – Kees Kist, Dutch footballer
  • 1952 – Alexei Sayle, English comedian, actor, and author
  • 1953 – Anne Fadiman, American journalist and author
  • 1954 – Valery Gazzaev, Russian footballer, manager and politician
  • 1954 – Jonathan Pollard, Israeli spy
  • 1954 – Alan Reid, Scottish politician
  • 1955 – Wayne Knight, American actor, comedian and voice actor
  • 1955 – Greg Nickels, American lawyer and politician, 51st Mayor of Seattle
  • 1955 – Vladimir Sorokin, Russian author and playwright
  • 1957 – Daire Brehan, Irish journalist, lawyer, and actress (d. 2012)
  • 1957 – Alexander Dityatin, Russian gymnast and colonel
  • 1958 – Russell Baze, Canadian-American jockey
  • 1958 – Bruce Dickinson, English singer-songwriter and guitarist
  • 1958 – Alberto Salazar, Cuban-American runner and coach
  • 1959 – Koenraad Elst, Belgian orientalist and author
  • 1959 – Ali Shah, Zimbabwean cricketer and coach
  • 1960 – David Duchovny, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter
  • 1961 – Brian Conley, English actor and singer
  • 1961 – Yelena Davydova, Russian gymnast
  • 1961 – Walter Swinburn, English jockey and trainer (d. 2016)
  • 1961 – Carlos Vives, Colombian singer, songwriter, and actor[58]
  • 1962 – Alison Brown, American banjo player, songwriter, and producer
  • 1963 – Paul Dunn, Australian rugby league player
  • 1963 – Nick Gillespie, American journalist and author
  • 1963 – Marcus Roberts, American pianist and educator
  • 1964 – John Birmingham, English-Australian journalist and author
  • 1964 – Ian Dench, English guitarist and songwriter
  • 1964 – Peter Niven, Scottish jockey
  • 1965 – Raul Malo, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer
  • 1965 – Elizabeth Manley, Canadian figure skater
  • 1966 – David Cairns, Scottish laicised priest and politician, Minister of State for Scotland (d. 2011)
  • 1966 – Shobna Gulati, British actress
  • 1966 – Kristin Hersh, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
  • 1966 – Jimmy Wales, American-British entrepreneur, co-founder of Wikipedia
  • 1967 – Jason Grimsley, American baseball player
  • 1968 – Francesca Gregorini, Italian-American director and screenwriter
  • 1968 – Trevor Hendy, Australian surfer and coach
  • 1968 – Sophie Lee, Australian actress and author
  • 1969 – Paul Lambert, Scottish footballer and manager
  • 1969 – Dana G. Peleg, Israeli writer and LGBT activist
  • 1970 – Eric Namesnik, American swimmer (d. 2006)
  • 1971 – Dominic Cork, England cricketer and sportscaster
  • 1971 – Rachel York, American actress and singer
  • 1972 – Gerry Peñalosa, Filipino boxer and promoter
  • 1973 – Mikhail Gorsheniov, Russian singer-songwriter (d. 2013)
  • 1973 – Danny Graves, Vietnamese-American baseball player
  • 1973 – Kevin Muscat, English-Australian footballer, coach, and manager
  • 1974 – Chico Benymon, American actor
  • 1974 – Michael Shannon, American actor
  • 1975 – Koray Candemir, Turkish singer-songwriter
  • 1975 – Gerard Denton, Australian cricketer
  • 1975 – Megan Gale, Australian model and actress
  • 1975 – Ray Hill, American football player (d. 2015)
  • 1975 – Rebecca Kleefisch, American journalist and politician, 44th Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin
  • 1975 – Édgar Rentería, Colombian baseball player
  • 1975 – Charlize Theron, South African actress[59][60]
  • 1976 – Dimitrios Eleftheropoulos, Greek footballer and manager
  • 1976 – Shane Lechler, American football player
  • 1977 – Charlotte Ronson, English fashion designer
  • 1977 – Samantha Ronson, English singer-songwriter and DJ
  • 1977 – Justin Brooker, Rugby League Player
  • 1978 – Alexandre Aja, French director, producer, and screenwriter
  • 1978 – Jamey Jasta, American singer-songwriter
  • 1978 – Mark McCammon, English-Barbadian footballer
  • 1978 – Cirroc Lofton, American actor
  • 1979 – Eric Johnson, American actor, director, and screenwriter
  • 1979 – Miguel Llera, Spanish footballer
  • 1979 – Birgit Zotz, Austrian anthropologist and author
  • 1980 – Carsten Busch, German footballer
  • 1980 – Aurélie Claudel, French model and actress
  • 1980 – Tácio Caetano Cruz Queiroz, Brazilian footballer
  • 1980 – Seiichiro Maki, Japanese footballer
  • 1981 – David Testo, American soccer player
  • 1981 – Randy Wayne, American actor and producer
  • 1982 – Ángeles Balbiani, Argentine actress and singer
  • 1982 – Abbie Cornish, Australian actress
  • 1982 – Juan Martín Hernández, Argentine rugby player
  • 1982 – Marquise Hill, American football player (d. 2007)
  • 1982 – Vassilis Spanoulis, Greek basketball player
  • 1982 – Martin Vučić, Macedonian singer and drummer
  • 1983 – Christian Chávez, Mexican singer-songwriter and actor
  • 1983 – Murat Dalkılıç, Turkish singer-songwriter
  • 1983 – Danny, Portuguese footballer
  • 1983 – Andriy Hrivko, Ukrainian cyclist
  • 1983 – Mark Pettini, English cricketer and journalist
  • 1984 – Stratos Perperoglou, Greek basketball player
  • 1984 – Tooba Siddiqui, Pakistani model and actress
  • 1984 – Yun Hyon-seok, South Korean poet and author (d. 2003)
  • 1986 – Paul Biedermann, German swimmer
  • 1986 – Valter Birsa, Slovenian footballer
  • 1986 – Altaír Jarabo, Mexican model and actress
  • 1986 – Juan de la Rosa, Mexican boxer
  • 1987 – Sidney Crosby, Canadian ice hockey player
  • 1987 – Mustapha Dumbuya, Sierra Leonean footballer
  • 1987 – Ryan Lavarnway, American baseball player
  • 1987 – Rouven Sattelmaier, German footballer
  • 1988 – Jonathan Bernier, Canadian ice hockey player
  • 1988 – Mohamed Coulibaly, Senegalese footballer
  • 1988 – Anisa Mohammed, West Indian cricketer
  • 1988 – Melody Oliveria, American blogger
  • 1988 – Erik Pieters, Dutch footballer
  • 1988 – Beanie Wells, American football player
  • 1989 – DeMar DeRozan, American basketball player
  • 1990 – Josh Franceschi, English singer-songwriter
  • 1991 – Luis Salom, Spanish motorcycle racer (d. 2016)
  • 1991 – Mitchell te Vrede, Dutch footballer
  • 1991 – Mike Trout, American baseball player
  • 1992 – Adam Yates, English cyclist
  • 1992 – Simon Yates, English cyclist
  • 1992 – E. J. Tackett, American bowler
  • 1993 – Martti Nõmme, Estonian ski jumper
  • 1993 – Karol Zalewski, Polish sprinter
  • 1997 – Matty Cash, Polish footballer[61]
  • 1997 – Kyler Murray, American football player[62]
  • 1998 – Vladimir Barbu, Italian diver
  • 1998 – María Bazo, Peruvian windsurfer[63]

Deaths

Pre-1600
  • 461 – Majorian, Roman emperor (b. 420)
  • 707 – Li Chongjun, Chinese prince
  • 1028 – Alfonso V, king of León (b. 994)
  • 1106 – Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1050)
  • 1234 – Hugh Foliot, bishop of Hereford (b. c. 1155)
  • 1272 – Richard Middleton, English Lord Chancellor
  • 1296 – Heinrich II von Rotteneck, prince-bishop of Regensburg
  • 1385 – Joan of Kent, mother of Richard II (b. 1328)
  • 1485 – Alexander Stewart, duke of Albany (b. 1454)
  • 1547 – Cajetan, Italian priest and saint (b. 1480)

1601–1900
  • 1613 – Thomas Fleming, English judge and politician, Lord Chief Justice of England (b. 1544)
  • 1616 – Vincenzo Scamozzi, Italian architect, designed Teatro Olimpico (b. 1548)
  • 1632 – Robert de Vere, 19th Earl of Oxford, English soldier (b. 1575)
  • 1635 – Friedrich Spee, German poet and academic (b. 1591)
  • 1639 – Martin van den Hove, Dutch astronomer and mathematician (b. 1605)
  • 1661 – Jin Shengtan, Chinese journalist and critic (b. 1608)
  • 1787 – Francis Blackburne, English Anglican churchman and activist (b. 1705)
  • 1817 – Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours, French economist and politician (b. 1739)
  • 1834 – Joseph Marie Jacquard, French weaver and inventor, invented the Jacquard loom (b. 1752)
  • 1848 – Jöns Jacob Berzelius, Swedish chemist and academic (b. 1779)[64]
  • 1855 – Mariano Arista, Mexican general and politician, 19th President of Mexico (b. 1802)
  • 1864 – Li Xiucheng, Chinese field marshal (b. 1823)
  • 1893 – Alfredo Catalani, Italian composer and academic (b. 1854)
  • 1899 – Jacob Maris, Dutch painter and educator (b. 1837)
  • 1900 – Wilhelm Liebknecht, German lawyer and politician (b. 1826)

1901–present
  • 1912 – François-Alphonse Forel, Swiss limnologist and academic (b. 1841)
  • 1917 – Edwin Harris Dunning, South African-English commander and pilot (b. 1891)
  • 1938 – Konstantin Stanislavski, Russian actor and director (b. 1863)
  • 1941 – Rabindranath Tagore, Indian author, poet, and playwright, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1861)
  • 1948 – Charles Bryant, English-American actor and director (b. 1879)
  • 1953 – Abner Powell, American baseball player and manager (b. 1860)
  • 1957 – Oliver Hardy, American actor, singer, and director (b. 1892)
  • 1958 – Elizabeth Foreman Lewis, American author and educator (b. 1892)[65]
  • 1960 – Luis Ángel Firpo, Argentine boxer (b. 1894)
  • 1963 – Ramon Vila Capdevila, last of the Spanish Maquis, holding out after the end of the Spanish Civil War[66] (b.1908)
  • 1968 – Giovanni Bracco, Italian race car driver (b. 1908)
  • 1969 – Jean Bastien, French professional footballer (b. 1915)
  • 1969 – Joseph Kosma, Hungarian-French composer (b. 1905)
  • 1970 – Harold Haley, American lawyer and judge (b. 1904)
  • 1970 – Jonathan P. Jackson, American bodyguard and kidnapper (b. 1953)
  • 1972 – Joi Lansing, American model, actress, and singer (b. 1929)
  • 1973 – Jack Gregory, Australian cricketer (b. 1895)
  • 1974 – Rosario Castellanos, Mexican poet and author (b. 1925)
  • 1974 – Sylvio Mantha, Canadian ice hockey player and coach (b. 1902)
  • 1978 – Eddie Calvert, English trumpeter (b. 1922)
  • 1981 – Gunnar Uusi, Estonian chess player (b. 1931)
  • 1985 – Grayson Hall, American actress (b. 1922)
  • 1987 – Camille Chamoun, Lebanese lawyer and politician, 7th President of Lebanon (b. 1900)
  • 1989 – Mickey Leland, American lawyer and politician (b. 1944)
  • 1994 – Larry Martyn, English actor (b. 1934)
  • 1995 – Brigid Brophy, English author and critic (b. 1929)[67]
  • 2001 – Algirdas Lauritėnas, Lithuanian basketball player (b. 1932)
  • 2003 – K. D. Arulpragasam, Sri Lankan zoologist and academic (b. 1931)
  • 2003 – Mickey McDermott, American baseball player and coach (b. 1929)
  • 2004 – Red Adair, American firefighter (b. 1915)
  • 2004 – Colin Bibby, English ornithologist and academic (b. 1948)
  • 2005 – Peter Jennings, Canadian-American journalist and author (b. 1938)
  • 2006 – Mary Anderson Bain, American lawyer and politician (b. 1911)
  • 2007 – Ernesto Alonso, Mexican actor, director, and producer (b. 1917)
  • 2007 – Angus Tait, New Zealand businessman, founded Tait Communications (b. 1919)
  • 2008 – Bernie Brillstein, American talent agent and producer (b. 1931)
  • 2008 – Andrea Pininfarina, Italian engineer and businessman (b. 1957)
  • 2009 – Louis E. Saavedra, American educator and politician, 48th Mayor of Albuquerque (b. 1933)
  • 2009 – Mike Seeger, American singer-songwriter (b. 1933)
  • 2010 – John Nelder, English mathematician and statistician (b. 1924)
  • 2011 – Mark Hatfield, American soldier, academic, and politician, 29th Governor of Oregon (b. 1922)
  • 2011 – Nancy Wake, New Zealand-English captain and spy (b. 1912)
  • 2012 – Murtuz Alasgarov, Azerbaijani academic and politician, Speaker of the National Assembly of Azerbaijan (b. 1928)
  • 2012 – Judith Crist, American critic and academic (b. 1922)
  • 2012 – Vladimir Kobzev, Russian footballer and coach (b. 1959)
  • 2012 – Anna Piaggi, Italian journalist and author (b. 1931)
  • 2012 – Mayer Zald, American sociologist and academic (b. 1931)
  • 2012 – Dušan Zbavitel, Czech indologist and author (b. 1925)
  • 2013 – Samuel G. Armistead, American linguist, historian, and academic (b. 1927)
  • 2013 – Almir Kayumov, Russian footballer (b. 1964)
  • 2013 – Anthony Pawson, English-Canadian biologist, chemist, and academic (b. 1952)
  • 2013 – Margaret Pellegrini, American actress and dancer (b. 1923)
  • 2013 – Meeli Truu, Estonian architect (d. 1946)
  • 2013 – Alexander Yagubkin, Russian boxer (b. 1961)
  • 2014 – Víctor Fayad, Argentine lawyer and politician (b. 1955)
  • 2014 – Perry Moss, American football player and coach (b. 1926)
  • 2014 – Henry Stone, American record producer (b. 1921)
  • 2015 – Manuel Contreras, Chilean general (b. 1929)
  • 2015 – Frances Oldham Kelsey, Canadian pharmacologist and physician (b. 1914)
  • 2015 – Louise Suggs, American golfer, co-founded LPGA (b. 1923)
  • 2016 – Bryan Clauson, American racing driver (b. 1989)
  • 2017 – Don Baylor, American baseball player (b. 1949)
  • 2017 – David Maslanka, American composer (b. 1943)
  • 2018 – M. Karunanidhi, Indian politician, former Tamil Nadu Chief Minister and prominent leader of Tamils (b. 1924)
  • 2018 – Stan Mikita, Slovak hockey player (b. 1940)[68]
  • 2019 – David Berman, American musician, singer, poet and cartoonist (b. 1967)[69]
  • 2020 – Lê Khả Phiêu, Vietnamese politician (b. 1931)[70]
  • 2021 – Markie Post, American actress (b. 1950)[71]
  • 2022 - David McCullough, American historian and author (b. 1933)[72]

Holidays and observances

References
  1. John of Antioch, Historia chronike, fragment 203; Marcellinus, sa 461; Fasti vindobonenses priores, No 588. Procopius (VII.14–15) does not mention the Emperor's return from Hispania and said that Majorian died of dysentery: it is possible that the news has been put about by Ricimer (Fik Meijer, Emperors Do not Die in Bed, Routledge, 2004, ISBN 0-415-31201-9, p. 155). Victor of Tonnena erroneously claims that Majorian reached Rome and was killed there, and puts this event in 463 (Chronica, s.a. 463).
  2. Kaegi, Walter Emil (2003). Heraclius: Emperor of Byzantium. CUP. p. 137. ISBN 978-0521814591.
  3. Mann, Horace K. (1903). The Lives of the Popes in the Early Middle Ages, Vol. I: The Popes Under the Lombard Rule, Part 2. p. 371.
  4. Reuter, Timothy (1991). Germany in the Early Middle Ages 800–1056. p. 148. ISBN 978-0-582-49034-5.
  5. Robinson, David M. (1999). "Politics, Force and Ethnicity in Ming China: Mongols and the Abortive Coup of 1461". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 59 (1): 79–123. doi:10.2307/2652684. JSTOR 2652684.
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  7. Mills, James Cooke (1910). Our Inland Seas: Their Shipping & Commerce for Three Centuries. Chicago, Illinois: A. C. McClurg & Co. pp. 36, 37, 40, 43, 50–56, 59–64, 112, 193. ISBN 9780722201176. Retrieved 8 February 2011.
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  22. Shapira, Aprim. "Why is the 7th of August an Assyrian Martyrs' Day?". Beth Suryoyo Assyrian. Retrieved 23 September 2011.
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  24. "Proposed automatic calculating machine (Abstract)". IEEE Spectrum. IEEE Xplore. 1 (8): 62–69. August 1964. doi:10.1109/MSPEC.1964.6500770. ISSN 0018-9235. S2CID 51652725.
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  27. "Motor-Bus Appears". BEST Undertaking. Archived from the original on 15 January 2010. Retrieved 12 October 2006.
  28. "Details of Explorer 6 (S-2)". U.S. Space Objects Registry. Archived from the original on 2006-09-24. Retrieved 2008-02-03.
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  30. Kennedy, John F. (1962), Remarks Upon Presenting the President's Awards for Distinguished Federal Civilian Service, retrieved May 1, 2006.
  31. "Senate Vote #481 in 1964 (88th Congress)". GovTrack. Retrieved February 23, 2020.
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