June 3

June 3 is the 154th day of the year (155th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar; 211 days remain until the end of the year.

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June 3 in recent years
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  2013 (Monday)

Events

Pre-1600

1601–1900

1901–present

  • 1916 The National Defense Act is signed into law, increasing the size of the United States National Guard by 450,000 men.
  • 1935 One thousand unemployed Canadian workers board freight cars in Vancouver, beginning a protest trek to Ottawa.
  • 1937 The Duke of Windsor marries Wallis Simpson.
  • 1940 World War II: The Luftwaffe bombs Paris.
  • 1940 Franz Rademacher proposes plans to make Madagascar the "Jewish homeland", an idea that had first been considered by 19th century journalist Theodor Herzl.[11]
  • 1941 World War II: The Wehrmacht razes the Greek village of Kandanos to the ground and murders 180 of its inhabitants.
  • 1942 World War II: Japan begins the Aleutian Islands Campaign by bombing Unalaska Island.
  • 1943 In Los Angeles, California, white U.S. Navy sailors and Marines attack Latino youths in the five-day Zoot Suit Riots.[12]
  • 1950 Herzog and Lachenal of the French Annapurna expedition become the first climbers to reach the summit of an 8,000-metre peak.
  • 1962 At Paris Orly Airport, Air France Flight 007 overruns the runway and explodes when the crew attempts to abort takeoff, killing 130.
  • 1963 Soldiers of the South Vietnamese Army attack protesting Buddhists in Huế with liquid chemicals from tear-gas grenades, causing 67 people to be hospitalized for blistering of the skin and respiratory ailments.
  • 1965 The launch of Gemini 4, the first multi-day space mission by a NASA crew. Ed White, a crew member, performs the first American spacewalk.
  • 1969 Melbourne–Evans collision: off the coast of South Vietnam, the Australian aircraft carrier HMAS Melbourne cuts the U.S. Navy destroyer USS Frank E. Evans in half; resulting in 74 deaths.
  • 1973 A Soviet supersonic Tupolev Tu-144 crashes near Goussainville, France, killing 14, the first crash of a supersonic passenger aircraft.
  • 1979 A blowout at the Ixtoc I oil well in the southern Gulf of Mexico causes at least 3,000,000 barrels (480,000 m3) of oil to be spilled into the waters, the second-worst accidental oil spill ever recorded.
  • 1980 An explosive device is detonated at the Statue of Liberty. The FBI suspects Croatian nationalists.
  • 1980 The 1980 Grand Island tornado outbreak hits Nebraska, causing five deaths and $300 million (equivalent to $987 million in 2021) worth of damage.
  • 1982 The Israeli ambassador to the United Kingdom, Shlomo Argov, is shot on a London street; he survives but is left paralysed.
  • 1984 Operation Blue Star, a military offensive, is launched by the Indian government at Harmandir Sahib, also known as the Golden Temple, the holiest shrine for Sikhs, in Amritsar. The operation continues until June 6, with casualties, most of them civilians, in excess of 5,000.
  • 1989 The government of China sends troops to force protesters out of Tiananmen Square after seven weeks of occupation.
  • 1991 Mount Unzen erupts in Kyūshū, Japan, killing 43 people, all of them either researchers or journalists.
  • 1992 Aboriginal land rights are recognised in Australia, overturning the long-held colonial assumption of terra nullius, in Mabo v Queensland (No 2), a case brought by Torres Strait Islander Eddie Mabo and leading to the Native Title Act 1993.
  • 1998 After suffering a mechanical failure, a high speed train derails at Eschede, Germany, killing 101 people.
  • 2006 The union of Serbia and Montenegro comes to an end with Montenegro's formal declaration of independence.
  • 2012 A plane carrying 153 people on board crashes in a residential neighborhood in Lagos, Nigeria, killing everyone on board and six people on the ground.[13]
  • 2012 The pageant for the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II takes place on the River Thames.
  • 2013 The trial of United States Army private Chelsea Manning for leaking classified material to WikiLeaks begins in Fort Meade, Maryland.
  • 2013 At least 119 people are killed in a fire at a poultry farm in Jilin Province in northeastern China.[14]
  • 2015 An explosion at a gasoline station in Accra, Ghana, kills more than 200 people.
  • 2017 London Bridge attack: Eight people are murdered and dozens of civilians are wounded by Islamist terrorists. Three of the attackers are shot dead by the police.
  • 2019 Khartoum massacre: In Sudan, over 100 people are killed when security forces accompanied by Janjaweed militiamen storm and open fire on a sit-in protest.[15]

Births

Pre-1600

  • 1139 Conon of Naso, Basilian abbot (d. 1236)
  • 1421 Giovanni di Cosimo de' Medici, Italian noble (d. 1463)[16]
  • 1454 Bogislaw X, Duke of Pomerania (1474–1523) (d. 1523)
  • 1537 João Manuel, Prince of Portugal (d. 1554)[17]
  • 1540 Charles II, Archduke of Austria (d. 1590)
  • 1554 Pietro de' Medici, Italian noble (d. 1604)
  • 1576 Giovanni Diodati, Swiss-Italian minister, theologian, and academic (d. 1649)[18]
  • 1594 César, Duke of Vendôme, French nobleman (d. 1665)

1601–1900

  • 1603 Pietro Paolini, Italian painter (d. 1681)
  • 1635 Philippe Quinault, French playwright and composer (d. 1688)
  • 1636 John Hale, American minister (d. 1700)
  • 1659 David Gregory, Scottish-English mathematician and astronomer (d. 1708)
  • 1662 Willem van Mieris, Dutch painter (d. 1747)
  • 1723 Giovanni Antonio Scopoli, Italian physician, geologist, and botanist (d. 1788)[19]
  • 1726 James Hutton, Scottish geologist and physician (d. 1797)
  • 1736 Ignaz Fränzl, German violinist and composer (d. 1811)[20]
  • 1770 Manuel Belgrano, Argentinian economist, lawyer, and politician (d. 1820)[21]
  • 1808 Jefferson Davis, American colonel and politician, President of the Confederate States of America from 1861 - 1865 (d. 1889)[22]
  • 1818 Louis Faidherbe, French general and politician, Governor of Senegal (d. 1889)
  • 1819 Anton Anderledy, Swiss religious leader, 23rd Superior General of the Society of Jesus (d. 1892)
  • 1819 Johan Jongkind, Dutch painter (d. 1891)[23]
  • 1832 Charles Lecocq, French pianist and composer (d. 1918)
  • 1843 Frederick VIII of Denmark (d. 1912)
  • 1844 Garret Hobart, American lawyer and politician, 24th Vice President of the United States (d. 1899)
  • 1844 Detlev von Liliencron, German poet and author (d. 1909)
  • 1852 Theodore Robinson, American painter and academic (d. 1896)
  • 1853 Flinders Petrie, English archaeologist and academic (d. 1942)[24]
  • 1864 Otto Erich Hartleben, German poet and playwright (d. 1905)
  • 1864 Ransom E. Olds, American businessman, founded Oldsmobile and REO Motor Car Company (d. 1950)
  • 1865 George V of the United Kingdom (d. 1936)[25]
  • 1866 George Howells Broadhurst, English-American director and manager (d. 1952)
  • 1873 Otto Loewi, German-American pharmacologist and psychobiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1961)
  • 1877 Raoul Dufy, French painter and illustrator (d. 1953)[26]
  • 1879 Alla Nazimova, Ukrainian-American actress, producer, and screenwriter (d. 1945)
  • 1879 Raymond Pearl, American biologist and botanist (d. 1940)
  • 1879 Vivian Woodward, English footballer and soldier (d. 1954)
  • 1881 Mikhail Larionov, Russian painter and set designer (d. 1964)
  • 1890 Baburao Painter, Indian actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 1954)
  • 1897 Memphis Minnie, American singer-songwriter (d. 1973)
  • 1899 Georg von Békésy, Hungarian-American biophysicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1972)
  • 1900 Adelaide Ames, American astronomer and academic (d. 1932) [27]
  • 1900 Leo Picard, German-Israeli geologist and academic (d. 1997)

1901–present

  • 1901 Maurice Evans, English actor (d. 1989)
  • 1901 Zhang Xueliang, Chinese general and warlord (d. 2001)
  • 1903 Eddie Acuff, American actor (d. 1956)
  • 1904 Charles R. Drew, American physician and surgeon (d. 1950)
  • 1904 Jan Peerce, American tenor and actor (d. 1984)
  • 1905 Martin Gottfried Weiss, German SS officer (d. 1946)
  • 1906 R. G. D. Allen, English economist, mathematician, and statistician (d. 1983)
  • 1906 Josephine Baker, French actress, singer, and dancer; French Resistance operative (d. 1975)
  • 1906 Walter Robins, English cricketer and footballer (d. 1968)
  • 1907 Paul Rotha, English director and producer (d. 1984)
  • 1910 Paulette Goddard, American actress and model (d. 1990)
  • 1911 Ellen Corby, American actress and screenwriter (d. 1999)
  • 1913 Pedro Mir, Dominican poet and author (d. 2000)
  • 1914 Ignacio Ponseti, Spanish physician and orthopedist (d. 2009)
  • 1917 Leo Gorcey, American actor (d. 1969)
  • 1918 Patrick Cargill, English actor and producer (d. 1996)
  • 1918 Lili St. Cyr, American burlesque dancer (d. 1999)
  • 1921 Forbes Carlile, Australian pentathlete and coach (d. 2016)
  • 1921 Jean Dréjac, French singer and composer (d. 2003)
  • 1922 Alain Resnais, French director, cinematographer, and screenwriter (d. 2014)
  • 1923 Igor Shafarevich, Russian mathematician and theorist (d. 2017)
  • 1924 Karunanidhi, Indian screenwriter and politician, 3rd Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu (d. 2018)
  • 1924 Colleen Dewhurst, Canadian-American actress (d. 1991)
  • 1924 Jimmy Rogers, American singer and guitarist (d. 1997)[28]
  • 1924 Torsten Wiesel, Swedish neurophysiologist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate[29]
  • 1925 Tony Curtis, American actor (d. 2010)[30]
  • 1926 Allen Ginsberg, American poet (d. 1997)[31]
  • 1926 Flora MacDonald, Canadian banker and politician, 10th Canadian Minister of Communications (d. 2015)
  • 1927 Boots Randolph, American saxophonist and composer (d. 2007)
  • 1928 Donald Judd, American sculptor and painter (d. 1994)
  • 1928 John Richard Reid, New Zealand cricketer (d. 2020)
  • 1929 Werner Arber, Swiss microbiologist and geneticist, Nobel Prize laureate
  • 1929 Chuck Barris, American game show host and producer (d. 2017)
  • 1930 Marion Zimmer Bradley, American author and poet (d. 1999)
  • 1930 George Fernandes, Indian journalist and politician, Minister of Defence for India (d. 2019)
  • 1930 Dakota Staton, American singer (d. 2007)
  • 1930 Abbas Zandi, Iranian wrestler (d. 2017)
  • 1930 Ben Wada, Japanese director and producer (d. 2011)
  • 1930 Joe Coulombe, founder of Trader Joe's (d. 2020)[32]
  • 1931 Françoise Arnoul, Algerian-French actress (d. 2021)
  • 1931 Raúl Castro, Cuban commander and politician, 18th President of Cuba
  • 1931 John Norman, American philosopher and author
  • 1931 Lindy Remigino, American runner and coach (d. 2018)
  • 1931 Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa, Bahranian king (d. 1999)
  • 1936 Larry McMurtry, American novelist and screenwriter (d. 2021)
  • 1936 Colin Meads, New Zealand rugby player and coach (d. 2017)
  • 1937 Jean-Pierre Jaussaud, French racing driver (d. 2021)
  • 1939 Frank Blevins, English-Australian lawyer and politician, 7th Deputy Premier of South Australia (d. 2013)
  • 1939 Steve Dalkowski, American baseball player (d. 2020)
  • 1939 Ian Hunter, English singer-songwriter and guitarist
  • 1942 Curtis Mayfield, American singer-songwriter and producer (d. 1999)
  • 1943 Billy Cunningham, American basketball player and coach
  • 1944 Thomas Burns, British bishop
  • 1944 Edith McGuire, American sprinter and educator
  • 1944 Eddy Ottoz, Italian hurdler and coach
  • 1945 Hale Irwin, American golfer and architect
  • 1945 Ramon Jacinto, Filipino singer, guitarist, and businessman, founded the Rajah Broadcasting Network
  • 1945 Bill Paterson, Scottish actor
  • 1946 Michael Clarke, American drummer (d. 1993)
  • 1946 Eddie Holman, American pop/R&B/gospel singer
  • 1946 Penelope Wilton, English actress
  • 1948 Jan Reker, Dutch footballer and manager
  • 1950 Frédéric François, Belgian-Italian singer-songwriter
  • 1950 Melissa Mathison, American screenwriter and producer (d. 2015)
  • 1950 Juan José Muñoz, Argentinian businessman (d. 2013)
  • 1950 Larry Probst, American businessman
  • 1950 Suzi Quatro, American-English singer-songwriter and guitarist[33]
  • 1950 Christos Verelis, Greek politician, Greek Minister of Transport and Communications
  • 1950 Deniece Williams, American singer-songwriter[34]
  • 1951 Jill Biden, American educator, First Lady of the United States[35]
  • 1954 Dan Hill, Canadian singer-songwriter[36]
  • 1954 Susan Landau, American mathematician and engineer
  • 1956 George Burley, Scottish footballer and manager
  • 1956 Danny Wilde, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
  • 1957 Horst-Ulrich Hänel, German field hockey player
  • 1959 Imbi Paju, Estonian-Finnish journalist and author
  • 1960 Catherine Davani, first female Papua New Guinean judge (d. 2016)[37]
  • 1960 Tracy Grimshaw, Australian television host
  • 1960 Carl Rackemann, Australian cricketer and sportscaster
  • 1961 Lawrence Lessig, American lawyer, academic, and author, founded the Creative Commons
  • 1961 Peter Vidmar, American gymnast
  • 1961 Ed Wynne, English guitarist, songwriter, and producer
  • 1962 Susannah Constantine, English fashion designer, journalist, and author
  • 1962 Dagmar Neubauer, German sprinter
  • 1963 Rudy Demotte, Belgian politician, 8th Minister-President of Wallonia
  • 1963 Toshiaki Karasawa, Japanese actor
  • 1964 André Bellavance, Canadian politician
  • 1964 Kerry King, American guitarist and songwriter
  • 1964 James Purefoy, English actor
  • 1965 Hans Kroes, Dutch swimmer
  • 1965 Michael Moore, British accountant and politician, Secretary of State for Scotland
  • 1966 Wasim Akram, Pakistani cricketer, coach, and sportscaster[38]
  • 1967 Anderson Cooper, American journalist and author[39]
  • 1967 Tamás Darnyi, Hungarian swimmer[40]
  • 1969 Takako Minekawa, Japanese singer-songwriter
  • 1969 Dean Pay, Australian rugby league player and coach
  • 1971 Luigi Di Biagio, Italian footballer and manager
  • 1971 Mary Grigson, Australian cross-country mountain biker[41]
  • 1972 Julie Gayet, French actress
  • 1974 Kelly Jones, Welsh singer-songwriter and guitarist
  • 1974 Serhii Rebrov, Ukrainian international footballer and manager[42]
  • 1975 Jose Molina, Puerto Rican-American baseball player
  • 1976 Nikos Chatzis, Greek basketball player
  • 1976 Jamie McMurray, American race car driver
  • 1977 Cris, Brazilian footballer
  • 1978 Lyfe Jennings, American singer-songwriter and producer
  • 1979 Luis Fernando López, Colombian race walker
  • 1979 Christian Malcolm, Welsh sprinter
  • 1980 Amauri, Brazilian-Italian footballer
  • 1981 Sosene Anesi, New Zealand rugby player
  • 1982 Yelena Isinbayeva, Russian pole vaulter
  • 1982 Manfred Mölgg, Italian skier
  • 1983 Pasquale Foggia, Italian footballer
  • 1985 Papiss Cissé, Senegalese footballer
  • 1985 Łukasz Piszczek, Polish footballer
  • 1986 Al Horford, Dominican basketball player
  • 1986 Micah Kogo, Kenyan runner
  • 1986 Rafael Nadal, Spanish tennis player
  • 1986 Tomáš Verner, Czech ice skater
  • 1987 Masami Nagasawa, Japanese actress
  • 1989 Katie Hoff, American swimmer[43]
  • 1991 Yordano Ventura, Dominican baseball player (d. 2017)
  • 1992 Mario Götze, German footballer

Deaths

Pre-1600

  • 628 Liang Shidu, Chinese rebel leader[44]
  • 800 Staurakios, Byzantine general[45]
  • 1052 Prince Guaimar IV of Salerno[46]
  • 1397 William de Montagu, 2nd Earl of Salisbury, English commander (b. 1328)
  • 1411 Leopold IV, Duke of Austria (b. 1371)
  • 1453 Loukas Notaras, last megas doux of the Byzantine Empire
  • 1511 Ahmad ibn Abi Jum'ah, Islamic scholar, author of the Oran fatwa[47]
  • 1548 Juan de Zumárraga, Spanish-Mexican archbishop (b. 1468)
  • 1553 Wolf Huber, Austrian painter, printmaker and architect (b. 1485)
  • 1594 John Aylmer, English bishop and scholar (b. 1521)

1601–1900

  • 1605 Jan Zamoyski, Polish nobleman (b. 1542)
  • 1615 Sanada Yukimura, Japanese samurai (b. 1567)
  • 1640 Theophilus Howard, 2nd Earl of Suffolk, English politician, Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports (b. 1584)
  • 1649 Manuel de Faria e Sousa, Portuguese historian and poet (b. 1590)
  • 1657 William Harvey, English physician and academic (b. 1578)[48]
  • 1659 Morgan Llwyd, Welsh minister and poet (b. 1619)
  • 1665 Charles Weston, 3rd Earl of Portland, English noble (b. 1639)
  • 1780 Thomas Hutchinson, American businessman and politician, Governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay (b. 1711)
  • 1826 Nikolay Karamzin, Russian historian and poet (b. 1766)
  • 1858 Julius Reubke, German pianist and composer (b. 1834)
  • 1861 Stephen A. Douglas, American lawyer and politician, 7th Secretary of State of Illinois (b. 1813)
  • 1865 Okada Izō, Japanese samurai (b. 1838)
  • 1875 Georges Bizet, French pianist and composer (b. 1838)
  • 1877 Ludwig Ritter von Köchel, Austrian botanist, composer, and publisher (b. 1800)
  • 1882 Christian Wilberg, German painter and illustrator (b. 1839)
  • 1894 Karl Eduard Zachariae von Lingenthal, German lawyer and jurist (b. 1812)
  • 1899 Johann Strauss II, Austrian composer and educator (b. 1825)
  • 1900 Mary Kingsley, English explorer and author (b. 1862)

1901–present

  • 1902 Vital-Justin Grandin, French-Canadian bishop and missionary (b. 1829)
  • 1906 John Maxwell, American golfer (b. 1871)
  • 1921 Coenraad Hiebendaal, Dutch rower and physician (b. 1879)
  • 1924 Franz Kafka, Czech-Austrian lawyer and author (b. 1883)
  • 1928 Li Yuanhong, Chinese general and politician, 2nd President of the Republic of China (b. 1864)
  • 1933 William Muldoon, American wrestler (b. 1852)
  • 1938 John Flanagan, Irish-American hammer thrower and tug of war competitor (b. 1873)
  • 1946 Mikhail Kalinin, Russian civil servant and politician (b. 1875)
  • 1963 Edmond Decottignies, French weightlifter (b. 1893)
  • 1963 Pope John XXIII (b. 1881)
  • 1963 Nâzım Hikmet Ran, Turkish poet, author, and playwright (b. 1902)
  • 1964 Kâzım Orbay, Turkish general and politician, 9th Turkish Speaker of the Parliament (b. 1887)
  • 1964 Frans Eemil Sillanpää, Finnish author and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1888)
  • 1969 George Edwin Cooke, American soccer player (b. 1883)
  • 1970 Hjalmar Schacht, Danish-German economist, banker, and politician (b. 1877)
  • 1971 Heinz Hopf, German-Swiss mathematician and academic (b. 1894)
  • 1973 Jean Batmale, French footballer and manager (b. 1895)
  • 1974 Michael Gaughan (Irish republican), Irish Republican hunger striker (b. 1949)[49]
  • 1975 Ozzie Nelson, American actor and bandleader (b. 1906)
  • 1975 Eisaku Satō, Japanese lawyer and politician, 39th Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1901)
  • 1977 Archibald Hill, English physiologist and politician, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1886)
  • 1977 Roberto Rossellini, Italian director and screenwriter (b. 1906)
  • 1981 Carleton S. Coon, American anthropologist and academic (b. 1904)
  • 1986 Anna Neagle, English actress and singer (b. 1904)
  • 1987 Will Sampson, American actor and painter (b. 1933)
  • 1989 Ruhollah Khomeini, Iranian religious leader and politician, 1st Supreme Leader of Iran (b. 1902)
  • 1990 Robert Noyce, American physicist and businessman, co-founded the Intel Corporation (b. 1927)
  • 1991 Brian Bevan, Australian rugby league player (b. 1924)
  • 1991 Katia Krafft, French volcanologist and geologist (b. 1942)
  • 1991 Maurice Krafft, French volcanologist and geologist (b. 1946)
  • 1991 Lê Văn Thiêm, Vietnamese mathematician and academic (b. 1918)
  • 1992 Robert Morley, English actor and screenwriter (b. 1908)
  • 1993 Yeoh Ghim Seng, Singaporean politician, acting President of Singapore (b. 1918)[50]
  • 1994 Puig Aubert, German-French rugby player and coach (b. 1925)
  • 1997 Dennis James, American actor and game show host (b. 1917)
  • 2001 Anthony Quinn, Mexican-American actor and producer (b. 1915)
  • 2002 Lew Wasserman, American talent agent and manager (b. 1913)
  • 2003 Felix de Weldon, Austrian-American sculptor, designed the Marine Corps War Memorial (b. 1907)
  • 2005 Harold Cardinal, Canadian lawyer and politician (b. 1945)
  • 2009 David Carradine, American actor (b. 1936)
  • 2009 Koko Taylor, American singer (b. 1928)
  • 2010 Rue McClanahan, American actress (b. 1934)[51]
  • 2011 James Arness, American actor and producer (b. 1923)[52]
  • 2011 Andrew Gold, American singer, songwriter, musician and arranger (b. 1951)[53]
  • 2011 Bhajan Lal, Indian politician, 6th Chief Minister of Haryana (b. 1930)
  • 2011 Jack Kevorkian, American pathologist, author, and activist (b. 1928)[54]
  • 2011 Jan van Roessel, Dutch footballer (b. 1925)
  • 2012 Carol Ann Abrams, American producer, author, and academic (b. 1942)
  • 2012 Roy Salvadori, English racing driver and manager (b. 1922)[55]
  • 2012 Brian Talboys, New Zealand journalist and politician, 7th Deputy Prime Minister of New Zealand (b. 1921)[56]
  • 2013 Atul Chitnis, German-Indian technologist and journalist (b. 1962)
  • 2013 Józef Czyrek, Polish economist and politician, Polish Minister of Foreign Affairs (b. 1928)
  • 2013 Frank Lautenberg, American soldier and politician (b. 1924)
  • 2014 Svyatoslav Belza, Russian journalist, author, and critic (b. 1942)
  • 2014 Gopinath Munde, Indian politician, 3rd Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra (b. 1949)
  • 2015 Avi Beker, Israeli political scientist and academic (b. 1951)[57]
  • 2016 Muhammad Ali, American boxer (b. 1942)[58]
  • 2021 F. Lee Bailey, American attorney (b. 1933) [59]

Holidays and observances

  • Roman Empire: Festival for the goddess Bellona.
  • Christian feast day:
    • Charles Lwanga and Companions (Roman Catholic Church), and its related observances:
      • Martyrs' Day (Uganda)
    • Clotilde
    • Kevin of Glendalough
    • Ovidius
    • Vladimirskaya (Russian Orthodox)
    • June 3 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
  • Confederate Memorial Day (Kentucky, Louisiana, and Tennessee, United States)
  • Economist day (Buenos Aires, Argentina)
  • Mabo Day (Australia)
  • Opium Suppression Movement Day (Taiwan)
  • World Bicycle Day[60]

References

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  2. Oliver Nicholson (19 April 2018). The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity. OUP Oxford. p. 1185. ISBN 978-0-19-256246-3.
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  7. Rodger, N.A.M. (17 November 1999). The Safeguard of the Sea. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 292. ISBN 978-0-393-31960-6.
  8. Canadian Social Trends. Statistics Canada = Statistique Canada. 2006. p. 62.
  9. Newton, Alfred (1861). "Abstract of Mr. J. Wolley's Researches in Iceland respecting the Gare-fowl or Great Auk (Alea impennis, Linn.)". Ibis. 3 (4): 374–399. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1861.tb08857.x.
  10. Historical Album of Orleans County, N.Y. Sanford. 1879. p. 134.
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  12. "Zoot Suit Riots | Summary, Causes, Significance, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on September 27, 2018. Retrieved September 27, 2018.
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  14. Buckley, Chris (2013-06-03). "More Than 100 Die in Fire at Chinese Poultry Plant". New York Times. Retrieved 2013-06-03.
  15. Kareem Khadder and Julia Hollingsworth (5 June 2019). "Sudan death roll rises to 100 as bodies found in Nile, say doctors". CNN. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
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  19. Stafleu, Frans (1971). Linnaeus and the linnaeans. The spreading of their ideas in systematic botany, 1735-1789. Utrecht: Oosthoek. p. 193. ISBN 9789060460641.
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  22. The Statistician and Economist. 1879. p. 234.
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