Sumatriptan

Sumatriptan
Sumatriptan molecule
Names
Trade namesImitrex, Imigran, others
IUPAC name
  • 1-[3-(2-Dimethylaminoethyl)-1H-indol-5-yl]-N-methyl-methanesulfonamide
Clinical data
Drug classTriptan[1]
Main usesMigraines, cluster headaches[2]
Side effectsChest pressure, feeling tired, feeling of the world spinning, vomiting, tingling[1]
WHO AWaReUnlinkedWikibase error: ⧼unlinkedwikibase-error-statements-entity-not-set⧽
Pregnancy
category
  • C
Routes of
use		By mouth, subcutaneous injection, nasal spray, transdermal electrophoresis
Defined daily dose50 mg (by mouth)[3]
20 mg (by nose)[3]
6 mg (by injection)[3]
25 mg (rectally)[3]
External links
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
Legal
License data
Legal status
Pharmacokinetics
Bioavailability15% (by mouth) / 96% (sc)
Protein binding14–21%
MetabolismMAO
Elimination half-life2.5 hours
Excretion60% urine; 40% feces
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC14H21N3O2S
Molar mass295.40 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
SMILES
  • O=S(=O)(NC)Cc1cc2c(cc1)[nH]cc2CCN(C)C
InChI
  • InChI=1S/C14H21N3O2S/c1-15-20(18,19)10-11-4-5-14-13(8-11)12(9-16-14)6-7-17(2)3/h4-5,8-9,15-16H,6-7,10H2,1-3H3 checkY
  • Key:KQKPFRSPSRPDEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY

Sumatriptan, sold under the brand name Imitrex among others, is a medication used to treat migraine headaches and cluster headaches.[2] It is taken by mouth, in the nose, or by injection under the skin.[1] Effects generally occur within three hours.[1]

Common side effects include chest pressure, feeling tired, feeling of the world spinning, vomiting, and tingling.[1] Serious side effects may include serotonin syndrome, heart attacks, strokes, and seizures.[1] With excessive use medication overuse headaches may occur.[1] It is unclear if use in pregnancy or breastfeeding is safe.[4] How it works is not entirely clear.[1] It is in the triptan class of medications.[1]

Sumatriptan was patented in 1982 and approved for medical use in 1991.[5] It is available as a generic medication.[2] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[6] In the United Kingdom it costs the NHS about £1 per dose as of 2019.[2] In the United States the wholesale cost of this amount is about US$0.60.[7] In 2017, it was the 97th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than eight million prescriptions.[8][9] It is also available as the combination product sumatriptan/naproxen at a cost of US$50 per dose.[7]

Medical uses

Sumatriptan is effective for ending or relieving the intensity of migraine and cluster headaches.[10] It is most effective when taken early after the start of the pain.[10] Injected sumatriptan is more effective than other formulations.[11]

Dosage

The typical dose by mouth is 25 to 100 mg.[1] This may be repeated every two hours to a maximum of 200 mg in 24 hours.[1] The dose injected under the skin is often 6 mg; though, smaller doses may be used.[1]

The defined daily dose by mouth is 50mg, by nose is 20 mg, by injection is 6 mg, and rectally is 25 mg.[3]

Side effects

The most common side effects which occur in at least 2% with sumatriptan 25-, 50-, and 100-mg tablets for migraine are atypical sensations (paresthesias and warm/cold sensations) reported by 4% in the placebo group and 5–6% in the sumatriptan groups, pain and other pressure sensations (including chest pain) reported by 4% in the placebo group and 6–8% in the sumatriptan groups, neurological events (vertigo) reported by less than 1% in the placebo group and less than 1% to 2% in the sumatriptan groups.[12] Fatigue occurred in less than 1% of the placebo group and 2–3% of the sumatriptan groups. Sleep disturbance occurred in less than 1% in the placebo group to 2% in the sumatriptan group.

Serious cardiac events, including some that have been fatal, have occurred following the use of sumatriptan injection or tablets. Events reported have included coronary artery vasospasm, transient myocardial ischemia, myocardial infarction, ventricular tachycardia, and ventricular fibrillation (V-Fib).[13]

Overdose of sumatriptan can cause sulfhemoglobinemia, a rare condition in which the blood changes from red to green, due to the integration of sulfur into the hemoglobin molecule.[14] If sumatriptan is discontinued, the condition reverses within a few weeks.

Mechanism of action

Further information: Serotonin receptor agonist and Triptan § Mechanism_of_action

Sumatriptan is structurally similar to serotonin (5-HT), and is a 5-HT receptor (types 5-HT1D and 5-HT1B[15]) agonist. Sumatriptan's primary therapeutic effect, however, is in its inhibition of the release of Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), likely through its 5-HT1D/1B receptor-agonist action.[16] This is substantiated by the efficacy of newly developed CGRP antagonists and antibodies in the preventative treatment of migraine.[17] However, how agonism of the 5-HT1D/1B receptors inhibits CGRP release is not fully understood. CGRP is believed to cause sensitization of trigeminal nociceptive neurons, contributing to the pain experienced in migraine.[18]

Sumatriptan is also shown to decrease the activity of the trigeminal nerve, which presumably accounts for sumatriptan's efficacy in treating cluster headaches. The injectable form of the drug has been shown to abort a cluster headache within 30 minutes in 77% of cases.[19]

Pharmacokinetics

Sumatriptan is administered in several forms: tablets, subcutaneous injection, and nasal spray. Oral administration (as the succinate salt) suffers from poor bioavailability, partly due to presystemic metabolism—some of it gets broken down in the stomach and bloodstream before it reaches the target arteries. A new rapid-release tablet formulation has the same bioavailability, but the maximum concentration is achieved on average 10–15 minutes earlier. When injected, sumatriptan is faster-acting (usually within 10 minutes), but the effect lasts for a shorter time. Sumatriptan is metabolised primarily by monoamine oxidase A into 2‐{5‐[(methylsulfamoyl)methyl]‐indole‐3‐yl}acetic acid which is then conjugated to glucuronic acid. These metabolites are excreted in the urine and bile. Only about 3% of the active drug may be recovered unchanged.

There is no simple, direct relationship between sumatriptan concentration (pharmacokinetics) per se in the blood and its anti-migraine effect (pharmacodynamics). This paradox has, to some extent, been resolved by comparing the rates of absorption of the various sumatriptan formulations, rather than the absolute amounts of drug that they deliver.[20][21]

History

Sumatriptan vials

Approval

In 1991, Glaxo received approval for sumatriptan, which was the first available triptan. In the United States, it is available only by medical prescription (and is frequently limited, without prior authorization, to a quantity of nine in a 30-day period). This requirement for a medical prescription also exists in Australia.[22] However, it can be bought over the counter in the UK[23] and Sweden.[24] Several dosage forms for sumatriptan have been approved, including tablets, solution for injection, and nasal inhalers.

In July 2009, the US FDA approved a single-use jet injector formulation of sumatriptan. The device delivers a subcutaneous injection of 6 mg sumatriptan, without the use of a needle. Autoinjectors with needles have been previously available in Europe and North America for several years.[25]

Phase III studies with an iontophoretic transdermal patch (Zelrix/Zecuity) started in July 2008.[26] This patch uses low voltage controlled by a pre-programmed microchip to deliver a single dose of sumatriptan through the skin within 30 minutes.[27][28] Zecuity was approved by the US FDA in January 2013.[29] Sales of Zecuity have been stopped following reports of skin burns and irritation.[30]

Generics

Glaxo patents for sumatriptan expired in February 2009. At that time, Imitrex sold for about $25 a pill.[31] On 6 November 2008, Par Pharmaceutical announced that it would begin shipping generic versions of sumatriptan injection (sumatriptan succinate injection) 4- and 6-mg starter kits and 4- and 6-mg filled syringe cartridges to the trade immediately. In addition, Par anticipates launching the 6-mg vials early in 2009.[32]

Mylan Laboratories Inc., Ranbaxy Laboratories, Sandoz (a subsidiary of Novartis), Dr. Reddy's Laboratories, and other companies have received FDA approval for generic versions of sumatriptan tablets in 25-, 50-, and 100-mg doses since 2009. The drug is generically available in U.S. and European markets, since Glaxo's patent protections have expired in those jurisdictions. Nasal spray sumatriptan is also generically available.[33]

In Russia versions of sumatriptan, which are not registered in the National registry of medications, may be regarded as narcotic drugs (derivatives of dimethyltriptamine).[34]

Society and culture

Cost

In the United Kingdom it costs the NHS about £1 per dose as of 2019.[2] In the United States the wholesale cost of this amount is about US$0.60.[7] In 2017, it was the 97th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than eight million prescriptions.[8][9]

  • Sumatriptan costs (US)
    Sumatriptan costs (US)
  • Sumatriptan prescriptions (US)
    Sumatriptan prescriptions (US)

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 "Sumatriptan Monograph for Professionals". Drugs.com. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 7 March 2019. Retrieved 3 March 2019.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 British national formulary : BNF 76 (76 ed.). Pharmaceutical Press. 2018. p. 474. ISBN 9780857113382.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 "WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index". www.whocc.no. Archived from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 6 September 2020.
  4. ↑ "Sumatriptan Use During Pregnancy". Drugs.com. Archived from the original on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 3 March 2019.
  5. ↑ Fischer, Jnos; Ganellin, C. Robin (2006). Analogue-based Drug Discovery. John Wiley & Sons. p. 531. ISBN 9783527607495. Archived from the original on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 2 March 2019.
  6. ↑ World Health Organization (2021). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 22nd list (2021). Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/345533. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2021.02.
  7. 1 2 3 "NADAC as of 2019-02-27". Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Archived from the original on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 3 March 2019.
  8. 1 2 "The Top 300 of 2020". ClinCalc. Archived from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
  9. 1 2 "Sumatriptan - Drug Usage Statistics". ClinCalc. Archived from the original on 8 July 2020. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
  10. 1 2 Derry, CJ; Derry, S; Moore, RA (28 May 2014). "Sumatriptan (all routes of administration) for acute migraine attacks in adults - overview of Cochrane reviews". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 5 (5): CD009108. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009108.pub2. PMC 6469574. PMID 24865446.
  11. ↑ Dahlöf, Carl G. H. "Sumatriptan: Pharmacological Basis and Clinical Results". Medscape. Archived from the original on 17 February 2017. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
  12. ↑ "Tablets". fda.gov. Retrieved 19 February 2018.
  13. ↑ Kelly KM (June 1995). "Cardiac arrest following use of sumatriptan". Neurology. 45 (6): 1211–3. doi:10.1212/wnl.45.6.1211. PMID 7783891.
  14. ↑ "Patient bleeds dark green blood". BBC News. 8 June 2007. Archived from the original on 5 August 2010. Retrieved 6 March 2010.
  15. ↑ Razzaque Z, Heald MA, Pickard JD, et al. (1999). "Vasoconstriction in human isolated middle meningeal arteries: determining the contribution of 5-HT1B- and 5-HT1F-receptor activation". Br J Clin Pharmacol. 47 (1): 75–82. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2125.1999.00851.x. PMC 2014192. PMID 10073743.
  16. ↑ Juhasz, G; Zsombok, T; Jakab, B; Nemeth, J; Szolcsanyi, J; Bagdy, G (26 June 2016). "Sumatriptan Causes Parallel Decrease in Plasma Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP) Concentration and Migraine Headache During Nitroglycerin Induced Migraine Attack". Cephalalgia. 25 (3): 179–183. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2982.2005.00836.x. PMID 15689192.
  17. ↑ Tso, Amy R.; Goadsby, Peter J. (1 August 2017). "Anti-CGRP Monoclonal Antibodies: the Next Era of Migraine Prevention?". Current Treatment Options in Neurology. 19 (8): 27. doi:10.1007/s11940-017-0463-4. ISSN 1092-8480. PMC 5486583. PMID 28653227.
  18. ↑ Giniatullin, Rashid; Nistri, Andrea; Fabbretti, Elsa (1 February 2008). "Molecular Mechanisms of Sensitization of Pain-transducing P2X3 Receptors by the Migraine Mediators CGRP and NGF". Molecular Neurobiology. 37 (1): 83–90. doi:10.1007/s12035-008-8020-5. ISSN 0893-7648. PMID 18459072.
  19. ↑ "Treatment of acute cluster headache with sumatriptan. The Sumatriptan Cluster Headache Study Group". N Engl J Med. 325 (5): 322–6. 1991. doi:10.1056/NEJM199108013250505. PMID 1647496.
  20. ↑ Fox, A. W. (2004). "Onset of effect of 5-HT1B/1D agonists: a model with pharmacokinetic validation". Headache. 44 (2): 142–147. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.2004.04030.x. PMID 14756852.
  21. ↑ Freidank-Mueschenborn, E.; Fox, A. (2005). "Resolution of concentration-response differences in onset of effect between subcutaneous and oral sumatriptan". Headache. 45 (6): 632–637. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.2005.05129a.x. PMID 15953294.
  22. ↑ "Poisons Standard June 2017". 18 May 2017. Archived from the original on 31 July 2017. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
  23. ↑ "Press release: First Over The Counter (OTC) migraine pill made available". Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency. Archived from the original on 5 December 2014. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  24. ↑ European Medicines Agency (23 November 2011). "Assessment Report: Sumatriptan Galpharm 50 mg Tablets" (PDF). European Medicines Agency. p. 20. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 January 2016. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  25. ↑ Brandes, J.; Cady, R.; Freitag, F.; Smith, T.; Chandler, P.; Fox, A.; Linn, L.; Farr, S. (2009). "Needle-free subcutaneous sumatriptan (Sumavel DosePro): bioequivalence and ease of use". Headache. 49 (10): 1435–1444. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.2009.01530.x. PMID 19849720.
  26. ↑ Clinical trial number NCT00724815 for "The Efficacy and Tolerability of NP101 Patch in the Treatment of Acute Migraine (NP101-007)" at ClinicalTrials.gov
  27. ↑ "SmartRelief -electronically assisted drug delivery (iontophoresis)". nupathe.com. Archived from the original on 7 January 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2018.
  28. ↑ Pierce, M; Marbury, T; O'Neill, C; Siegel, S; Du, W; Sebree, T (2009). "Zelrix: a novel transdermal formulation of sumatriptan". Headache. 49 (6): 817–25. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.2009.01437.x. PMID 19438727.
  29. ↑ "Zecuity Approved by the FDA for the Acute Treatment of Migraine". nupathe.com. Archived from the original on 7 January 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2018.
  30. ↑ "Teva pulls migraine patch Zecuity on reports of burning, scarring | FiercePharma". www.fiercepharma.com. Archived from the original on 21 March 2017. Retrieved 10 April 2017.
  31. ↑ "GlaxoSmithKline sets out to dupe migraine sufferers with Treximet smoke and mirrors". Community Catalyst. 24 April 2008. Archived from the original on 23 March 2019. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
  32. ↑ "Par Pharmaceutical begins shipment of sumatriptan injection". Par Pharmaceutical. 6 November 2008. Archived from the original on 10 December 2008. Retrieved 25 November 2008.
  33. ↑ LaMattina, John (2 March 2015). "If You 'Want To Make A Good Drug Great' Cost Must Be Factored In". Forbes. Archived from the original on 14 February 2017. Retrieved 13 February 2017.
  34. ↑ "Постановление Правительства РФ от 30 июня 1998 г. N 681 "Об утверждении перечня наркотических средств, психотропных веществ и их прекурсоров, подлежащих контролю в Российской Федерации" (с изменениями и дополнениями)" (in русский). Гарант. Archived from the original on 19 April 2013. Retrieved 28 April 2019. ДМТ (диметилтриптамин) и его производные, за исключением производных, включенных в качестве самостоятельных позиций в перечень
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