December 19

December 19 is the 353rd day of the year (354th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar; 12 days remain until the end of the year.

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December 19 in recent years
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Events

Pre-1600

1601–1900

1901–present

Births

Pre-1600
  • 1343 – William I, Margrave of Meissen (d. 1407)
  • 1498 – Andreas Osiander, German Protestant theologian (d. 1552)
  • 1554 – Philip William, Prince of Orange (d. 1618)
  • 1587 – Dorothea Sophia, Abbess of Quedlinburg (d. 1645)

1601–1900
  • 1683 – Philip V of Spain (d. 1746)
  • 1699 – William Bowyer, English printer (d. 1777)
  • 1714 – John Winthrop, American astronomer and educator (d. 1779)
  • 1778 – Marie Thérèse of France (d. 1851)
  • 1796 – Manuel Bretón de los Herreros, Spanish poet, playwright, and critic (d. 1873)
  • 1797 – Antoine Louis Dugès, French obstetrician and naturalist (d. 1838)
  • 1817 – James J. Archer, American lawyer and general (d. 1864)
  • 1820 – Mary Livermore, American journalist and activist (d. 1905)
  • 1825 – George Frederick Bristow, American violinist and composer (d. 1898)
  • 1831 – Bernice Pauahi Bishop, American philanthropist (d. 1884)
  • 1849 – Henry Clay Frick, American businessman and financier (d. 1919)
  • 1852 – Albert Abraham Michelson, Prussian-American physicist, chemist, and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1931)
  • 1853 – Charles Fitzpatrick, Canadian lawyer and politician, 12th Lieutenant-Governor of Quebec (d. 1942)
  • 1861 – Italo Svevo, Italian author and playwright (d. 1928)
  • 1863 – Wallace Bryant, American archer (d. 1953)
  • 1865 – Minnie Maddern Fiske, American actress and playwright (d. 1932)
  • 1873 – Alphonse Kirchhoffer, French fencer (d. 1913)
  • 1875 – Mileva Marić, Serbian physicist (d. 1948)
  • 1875 – Carter G. Woodson, American historian and author, founded Black History Month (d. 1950)
  • 1875 – Grace Marie Bareis, American mathematician (d. 1962)
  • 1876 – Bernard Friedberg, Austrian-Israeli scholar and author (d. 1961)
  • 1884 – Antonín Zápotocký, Czech politician, President of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (d. 1957)
  • 1888 – Fritz Reiner, Hungarian-American conductor (d. 1963)
  • 1891 – Edward Bernard Raczyński, Polish politician and diplomat, 4th President-in-exile of Poland (d. 1993)
  • 1894 – Ford Frick, American journalist and businessman (d. 1978)
  • 1895 – Ingeborg Refling Hagen, Norwegian author and educator (d. 1989)
  • 1899 – Martin Luther King Sr., American pastor, missionary, and activist (d. 1984)

1901–present
  • 1901 – Rudolf Hell, German engineer, invented the Hellschreiber (d. 2002)
  • 1901 – Oliver La Farge, American anthropologist and author (d. 1963)
  • 1901 – Fritz Mauruschat, German footballer and manager (d. 1974)
  • 1902 – Ralph Richardson, English actor (d. 1983)
  • 1903 – George Davis Snell, American geneticist and immunologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1996)
  • 1905 – Irving Kahn, American businessman (d. 2015)
  • 1905 – Giovanni Lurani, Italian race car driver, engineer, and journalist (d. 1995)
  • 1906 – Leonid Brezhnev, Ukrainian-Russian marshal, engineer, and politician, 4th Head of State of the Soviet Union (d. 1982)
  • 1907 – Jimmy McLarnin, Irish-American boxer, actor, and golfer (d. 2004)
  • 1909 – W. A. Criswell, American pastor and author (d. 2002)
  • 1910 – Jean Genet, French novelist, playwright, and poet (d. 1986)
  • 1914 – Mel Shaw, American animator and screenwriter (d. 2012)
  • 1915 – Édith Piaf, French singer-songwriter and actress (d. 1963)
  • 1915 – Claudia Testoni, Italian hurdler, sprinter, and long jumper (d. 1998)
  • 1916 – Roy Ward Baker, English director and producer (d. 2010)
  • 1916 – Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann, German political scientist, journalist, and academic (d. 2010)
  • 1918 – Professor Longhair, American singer-songwriter and pianist (d. 1980)
  • 1918 – Lee Rich, American producer and production manager (d. 2012)
  • 1920 – Little Jimmy Dickens, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2015)
  • 1920 – David Susskind, American talk show host and producer (d. 1987)
  • 1922 – Eamonn Andrews, Irish radio and television host (d. 1987)
  • 1923 – Robert V. Bruce, American historian and author (d. 2008)
  • 1923 – Gordon Jackson, Scottish-English actor and singer (d. 1990)
  • 1924 – Carlo Chiti, Italian engineer (d. 1994)
  • 1924 – Doug Harvey, Canadian ice hockey player and coach (d. 1989)
  • 1924 – Gary Morton, American comedian and producer (d. 1999)
  • 1924 – Edmund Purdom, British-Italian actor (d. 2009)
  • 1924 – Michel Tournier, French journalist and author (d. 2016)
  • 1924 – Cicely Tyson, American actress (d. 2021) [16]
  • 1925 – Tankred Dorst, German author and playwright (d. 2017)
  • 1925 – William Schutz, American psychologist and academic (d. 2002)
  • 1925 – Robert B. Sherman, American songwriter and screenwriter (d. 2012)
  • 1926 – Bobby Layne, American football player and coach (d. 1986)
  • 1926 – Fikret Otyam, Turkish painter and journalist (d. 2015)
  • 1927 – James Booth, English actor and screenwriter (d. 2005)
  • 1928 – Eve Bunting, Irish-American author and academic
  • 1928 – Nathan Oliveira, American painter and sculptor (d. 2010)
  • 1929 – Bob Brookmeyer, American trombonist, pianist, and composer (d. 2011)
  • 1929 – David Douglas, 12th Marquess of Queensberry, Scottish potter
  • 1929 – Gregory Carroll, American singer-songwriter and producer (d. 2013)
  • 1929 – Howard Sackler, American playwright and screenwriter (d. 1982)
  • 1930 – Wally Olins, English businessman and academic (d. 2014)
  • 1930 – Knut Helle, Norwegian historian and professor (d. 2015)
  • 1931 – Ginger Stanley, American model, actress and stunt woman[17]
  • 1932 – Salvador Elizondo, Mexican author, poet, playwright, and critic (d. 2006)
  • 1932 – Lola Hendricks, African American civil rights activist (d. 2013)[18]
  • 1932 – Wayne Tippit, American actor (d. 2009)
  • 1933 – Kevan Gosper, Australian runner and politician
  • 1933 – Christopher Smout, Scottish historian and academic
  • 1934 – Al Kaline, American baseball player and sportscaster (d. 2020)
  • 1934 – Pratibha Patil, Indian lawyer and politician, 12th President of India
  • 1934 – Casper R. Taylor, Jr., American lawyer and politician
  • 1935 – Bobby Timmons, American pianist and composer (d. 1974)
  • 1935 – Joanne Weaver, American baseball player (d. 2000)
  • 1935 – Tony Taylor, Cuban baseball player (d. 2020)[19]
  • 1940 – Phil Ochs, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1976)
  • 1941 – Lee Myung-bak, South Korean businessman and politician, 10th President of South Korea
  • 1941 – Maurice White, American singer-songwriter and producer (d. 2016)
  • 1942 – Cornell Dupree, American guitarist (d. 2011)
  • 1942 – "Mean Gene" Okerlund, American sports announcer (d. 2019)
  • 1943 – Ross M. Lence, American political scientist and academic (d. 2006)
  • 1943 – James L. Jones, American general and politician, 22nd United States National Security Advisor
  • 1944 – William Christie, American-French harpsichord player and conductor
  • 1944 – Mitchell Feigenbaum, American physicist and mathematician (d. 2019)
  • 1944 – Martin Hume Johnson, English physiologist and academic
  • 1944 – Richard Leakey, Kenyan paleontologist and politician (d. 2022)[20]
  • 1944 – Alvin Lee, English singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2013)
  • 1944 – Tim Reid, American actor and director
  • 1944 – Steve Tyrell, American singer-songwriter and producer
  • 1944 – Zal Yanovsky, Canadian singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2002)
  • 1945 – Elaine Joyce, American actress, singer, and dancer
  • 1945 – John McEuen, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
  • 1946 – Rosemary Conley, English businesswoman, author, and broadcaster
  • 1946 – Robert Urich, American actor and producer (d. 2002)
  • 1947 – Jimmy Bain, Scottish bass player and songwriter (d. 2016)
  • 1948 – Ken Brown, Canadian ice hockey player and sportscaster
  • 1949 – Orna Berry, Israeli computer scientist and businesswoman
  • 1949 – Claudia Kolb, American swimmer
  • 1949 – Sebastian, Danish singer-songwriter and guitarist
  • 1950 – Eleanor J. Hill, American lawyer and diplomat
  • 1951 – Mohammad Reza Aref, Iranian engineer and politician, 2nd Vice President of Iran
  • 1951 – Alan Rouse, English mountaineer and author (d. 1986)
  • 1952 – Walter Murphy, American pianist and composer
  • 1954 – Jeff Allam, English race car driver
  • 1954 – Tim Parks, English author and translator
  • 1955 – Lincoln Hall, Australian mountaineer and author (d. 2012)
  • 1955 – Rob Portman, American lawyer and politician
  • 1956 – Phil Harris, American captain and fisherman (d. 2010)
  • 1956 – Tom Lawless, American baseball player and manager
  • 1956 – Shane McEntee, Irish farmer and politician, Minister of State at the Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine (d. 2012)
  • 1957 – Cyril Collard, French actor, director, and composer (d. 1993)
  • 1957 – Kevin McHale, American basketball player, coach, and manager
  • 1958 – Steven Isserlis, English cellist and author
  • 1958 – Limahl, English pop singer
  • 1959 – Iván Vallejo, Ecuadorian mountaineer
  • 1959 – Lisa Wilkinson, Australian television host and journalist
  • 1960 – Derrick Jensen, American author and activist
  • 1960 – Michelangelo Signorile, American journalist and author
  • 1961 – Eric Allin Cornell, American physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate
  • 1961 – Matthew Waterhouse, English actor and author
  • 1961 – Reggie White, American football player and wrestler (d. 2004)
  • 1962 – Gary Fleder, American director, producer, and screenwriter
  • 1963 – Jennifer Beals, American model and actress
  • 1963 – Til Schweiger, German actor, director, and producer
  • 1964 – Béatrice Dalle, French actress
  • 1964 – Lorie Kane, Canadian golfer
  • 1964 – Arvydas Sabonis, Lithuanian basketball player
  • 1965 – Chito Martínez, Belizean-American baseball player
  • 1966 – Chuckii Booker, American singer-songwriter and producer
  • 1966 – Rajesh Chauhan, Indian cricketer
  • 1966 – Alberto Tomba, Italian skier
  • 1966 – Eric Weinrich, American ice hockey player and coach
  • 1967 – Criss Angel, American magician
  • 1967 – Charles Austin, American high jumper
  • 1968 – Kristina Keneally, American-Australian politician, 42nd Premier of New South Wales
  • 1968 – Ken Marino, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter
  • 1969 – Michael Bates, American sprinter and football player
  • 1969 – Tom Gugliotta, American basketball player
  • 1969 – Richard Hammond, English journalist and producer
  • 1969 – Nayan Mongia, Indian cricketer
  • 1969 – Aziza Mustafa Zadeh, Azerbaijani composer, pianist, and singer
  • 1970 – Tyson Beckford, American model and actor
  • 1971 – Karen Pickering, English swimmer
  • 1972 – Alyssa Milano, American actress and television personality
  • 1973 – Michalis Grigoriou, Greek footballer and coach
  • 1973 – Erick Wainaina, Kenyan runner
  • 1973 – Zulfiya Zabirova, Russian cyclist
  • 1974 – Eduard Ivakdalam, Indonesian footballer
  • 1974 – Joe Jurevicius, American football player
  • 1974 – Felipe Lopez, Dominican-American basketball player
  • 1974 – Jake Plummer, American football player and sportscaster
  • 1974 – Ricky Ponting, Australian cricketer and sportscaster
  • 1975 – Makis Belevonis, Greek footballer
  • 1975 – Brandon Sanderson, American author and academic
  • 1975 – Jeremy Soule, Canadian composer
  • 1975 – Olivier Tébily, Ivorian-French footballer
  • 1975 – Dean Treister, Australian rugby league player
  • 1977 – Jorge Garbajosa, Spanish basketball player
  • 1977 – LaTasha Jenkins, American sprinter
  • 1977 – Irina Voronina, Russian model
  • 1978 – Patrick Casey, American actor, producer, and screenwriter
  • 1979 – Kevin Devine, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
  • 1979 – Rafael Soriano, Dominican baseball player
  • 1980 – Jake Gyllenhaal, American actor and producer[21]
  • 1980 – Marla Sokoloff, American actress and musician
  • 1981 – Grégory Dufer, Belgian footballer
  • 1982 – Mo Williams, American basketball player
  • 1983 – Nektarios Alexandrou, Cypriot footballer
  • 1983 – Casey Crescenzo, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
  • 1983 – Bridget Phillipson, English politician
  • 1983 – Laura Pomeroy, Canadian swimmer
  • 1983 – Matt Stajan, Canadian ice hockey player
  • 1984 – Ian Kennedy, American baseball player
  • 1985 – Gary Cahill, English footballer
  • 1985 – Andrea Baldini, Italian fencer
  • 1985 – Neil Kilkenny, English-Australian footballer
  • 1985 – Sally Kipyego, Kenyan runner
  • 1985 – Dan Logan, English bass player
  • 1985 – Lady Sovereign, English rapper
  • 1986 – Calvin Andrew, English footballer
  • 1986 – Ryan Babel, Dutch footballer
  • 1986 – Ingrid Burley, American rapper and songwriter
  • 1986 – Lazaros Christodoulopoulos, Greek footballer
  • 1986 – Zuzana Hejnová, Czech hurdler
  • 1986 – Miguel Lopes, Portuguese footballer
  • 1987 – Cédric Baseya, French-Congolese footballer
  • 1987 – Karim Benzema, French footballer
  • 1987 – Ronan Farrow, American activist, journalist, and lawyer
  • 1988 – Alexis Sánchez, Chilean footballer
  • 1988 – Peter Winn, English footballer
  • 1988 – Casey Burgess, Australian television personality
  • 1989 – Yong Jun-hyung, South Korean singer-songwriter, rapper and producer
  • 1989 – Michał Masłowski, Polish footballer
  • 1989 – Kousei Miura, Japanese jockey
  • 1989 – Hamza Riazuddin, English cricketer
  • 1990 – Torrey Craig, American basketball player[22]
  • 1990 – Greg Bretz, American snowboarder
  • 1991 – Steven Berghuis, Dutch footballer[23]
  • 1991 – Declan Galbraith, English singer-songwriter
  • 1991 – Sumire Uesaka, Japanese voice actress and singer
  • 1992 – Iker Muniain, Spanish footballer
  • 1992 – Raphael Spiegel, Swiss footballer
  • 1993 – Isiah Koech, Kenyan runner
  • 1993 – Young K, South Korean singer-songwriter
  • 1994 – Maudy Ayunda, Indonesian actress and singer-songwriter
  • 1994 – M'Baye Niang, French footballer
  • 1994 – Colin Sinclair, North Mariana Islander tennis player[24]
  • 1996 – Franck Kessié, Ivorian footballer

Deaths

Pre-1600
  • 401 – Pope Anastasius I[25]
  • 966 – Sancho I, king of León
  • 1091 – Adelaide of Susa, margravine of Turin
  • 1111 – Al-Ghazali, Persian jurist, philosopher, theologian, and mystic (b. 1058)
  • 1123 – Saint Berardo, Italian bishop and saint
  • 1327 – Agnes of France, Duchess of Burgundy (b. 1260)
  • 1370 – Pope Urban V (b. 1310)[26]
  • 1442 – Elizabeth of Luxembourg (b. 1409)
  • 1385 – Bernabò Visconti, Lord of Milan (b. 1319)
  • 1558 – Cornelius Grapheus, Flemish writer (b. 1482)

1601–1900
  • 1637 – Christina of Lorraine, Grand Duchess consort of Tuscany (b. 1565)
  • 1741 – Vitus Bering, Dutch explorer (b. 1681)[27]
  • 1745 – Jean-Baptiste van Loo, French painter (b. 1684)
  • 1749 – Francesco Antonio Bonporti, Italian priest and composer (b. 1672)
  • 1807 – Friedrich Melchior, Baron von Grimm, German-French author and playwright (b. 1723)
  • 1813 – James McGill, Scottish-Canadian businessman and philanthropist, founded McGill University (b. 1744)
  • 1819 – Thomas Fremantle, English admiral and politician (b. 1765)
  • 1848 – Emily Brontë, English novelist and poet (b. 1818)
  • 1851 – Joseph Mallord William Turner, English painter (b. 1775)
  • 1878 – Bayard Taylor, American author and poet (b. 1825)
  • 1899 – Henry Ware Lawton, American general (b. 1843)

1901–present
  • 1915 – Alois Alzheimer, German psychiatrist and neuropathologist (b. 1864)
  • 1916 – Thibaw Min, Burmese king (b. 1859)
  • 1927 – Ashfaqulla Khan, Indian activist (b. 1900)
  • 1927 – Ram Prasad Bismil, Indian poet and activist (b. 1897)
  • 1932 – Yun Bong-gil, South Korean activist (b. 1908)
  • 1933 – George Jackson Churchward, English engineer and businessman (b. 1857)
  • 1938 – Stephen Warfield Gambrill, American lawyer and politician (b. 1873)
  • 1940 – Kyösti Kallio, Finnish politician, the 4th President of Finland (b. 1873)[28]
  • 1944 – Abbas II of Egypt (b. 1874)
  • 1944 – Rudolph Karstadt, German businessman (b. 1856)
  • 1946 – Paul Langevin, French physicist and academic (b. 1872)
  • 1953 – Robert Andrews Millikan, American physicist and eugenicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1868)
  • 1968 – Norman Thomas, American minister and politician (b. 1884)
  • 1972 – Ahmet Emin Yalman, Turkish journalist, author, and academic (b. 1888)
  • 1976 – Giuseppe Caselli, Italian painter (b. 1893)
  • 1982 – Dwight Macdonald, American philosopher, author, and critic (b. 1906)
  • 1984 – Joy Ridderhof, American missionary (b. 1903)
  • 1986 – V. C. Andrews, American author (b. 1923)
  • 1986 – Werner Dankwort, Russian-German colonel and diplomat (b. 1895)
  • 1987 – August Mälk, Estonian author, playwright, and politician (b. 1900)
  • 1988 – Robert Bernstein, American author and playwright (b. 1919)
  • 1989 – Stella Gibbons, English journalist, author, and poet (b. 1902)
  • 1989 – Kirill Mazurov, Belarusian Soviet politician (b. 1914)
  • 1993 – Michael Clarke, American drummer (b. 1946)
  • 1996 – Marcello Mastroianni, Italian-French actor and singer (b. 1924)
  • 1997 – Sara Northrup Hollister, American occultist (b. 1924)
  • 1997 – Masaru Ibuka, Japanese businessman, co-founded Sony (b. 1908)[29]
  • 1997 – Jimmy Rogers, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1924)
  • 1998 – Mel Fisher, American treasure hunter (b. 1922)
  • 1999 – Desmond Llewelyn, Welsh soldier and actor (b. 1914)
  • 2000 – Rob Buck, American guitarist and songwriter (b. 1958)
  • 2000 – Milt Hinton, American bassist and photographer (b. 1910)
  • 2000 – John Lindsay, American lawyer and politician, 103rd Mayor of New York City (b. 1921)
  • 2002 – Will Hoy, English race car driver (b. 1952)
  • 2002 – Arthur Rowley, English footballer and manager (b. 1926)
  • 2002 – George Weller, American author, playwright, and journalist (b. 1907)
  • 2003 – Peter Carter-Ruck, English lawyer, founded Carter-Ruck (b. 1914)
  • 2003 – Hope Lange, American actress (b. 1933)
  • 2004 – Herbert C. Brown, English-American chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1912)
  • 2004 – Renata Tebaldi, Italian soprano and actress (b. 1922)
  • 2005 – Vincent Gigante, American mobster (b. 1927)
  • 2008 – James Bevel, American minister and activist (b. 1936)
  • 2008 – Carol Chomsky, American linguist and educator (b. 1930)
  • 2008 – Michael Connell, American political consultant (b. 1963)
  • 2008 – Dock Ellis, American baseball player and coach (b. 1945)
  • 2009 – Kim Peek, American megasavant (b. 1951)[30]
  • 2010 – Anthony Howard, English journalist and author (b. 1934)
  • 2012 – Robert Bork, American lawyer, judge, and scholar, United States Attorney General (b. 1927)
  • 2012 – Amnon Lipkin-Shahak, Israeli general and politician, 22nd Transportation Minister of Israel (b. 1944)
  • 2012 – Larry Morris, American football player (b. 1933)
  • 2012 – Peter Struck, German lawyer and politician, 13th German Federal Minister of Defence (b. 1943)
  • 2013 – Winton Dean, English musicologist and author (b. 1916)
  • 2013 – Al Goldstein, American publisher and pornographer (b. 1936)
  • 2013 – Ned Vizzini, American author and screenwriter (b. 1981)
  • 2014 – S. Balasubramanian, Indian journalist and director (b. 1936)
  • 2014 – Philip Bradbourn, English lawyer and politician (b. 1951)
  • 2014 – Arthur Gardner, American actor and producer (b. 1910)
  • 2014 – Igor Rodionov, Russian general and politician, 3rd Russian Minister of Defence (b. 1936)
  • 2014 – Dick Thornton, American-Canadian football player and coach (b. 1939)
  • 2014 – Roberta Leigh (Rita Shulman Lewin), British writer, artist and TV producer (b. 1926).
  • 2015 – Jimmy Hill, English footballer, manager, and sportscaster (b. 1928)[31]
  • 2015 – Greville Janner, Baron Janner of Braunstone, Welsh-English lawyer and politician (b. 1928)[32]
  • 2015 – Karin Söder, Swedish educator and politician, 33rd Swedish Minister for Foreign Affairs (b. 1928)[33]
  • 2016 – Andrei Karlov, Russian diplomat, Ambassador to Turkey (b. 1954)[34]
  • 2020 – Rosalind Knight, English actress (b. 1933)[35]
  • 2021 – Sally Ann Howes, English-American singer and actress (b. 1930)[36]
  • 2021 – Johnny Isakson, American politician (b. 1944)[37]

Holidays and observances
  • Christian feast day:
    • Lillian Trasher (Episcopal Church)
    • O Radix
    • Pope Anastasius I
    • Pope Urban V
    • December 19 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
    • Saint Nicholas Day
  • Goa Liberation Day (Goa, India)
  • National Heroes and Heroines Day (Anguilla)

References
  1. Great Britain. Public Record Office (1869). Syllabus (in English) of the Documents Relating to England and Other Kingdoms: 1066-1377. Longmans, Green. p. 152.
  2. Kenrick, Francis Patrick (1845). The Primacy of the Apostolic See Vindicated. Philadelphia: M. Fithian. p. 485. OCLC 1064609490.
  3. Wellman, Kathleen Anne (2013). Queens and Mistresses of Renaissance France. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. p. 70. ISBN 9780300178852.
  4. Great Britain. Public Record Office; Arthur John Butler; Sophia Crawford Lomes; Allen Banks Hinds (1966). Calendar of State Papers, Foreign Series, of the Reign of Elizabeth: Preserved in the Public Record Office. H.M. Stationery Office. p. 569.
  5. Old Dominion Society (New York, N.Y.); George William Summers (1860). First Celebration of the Anniversary of the Settlement at Jamestown, Va., on the 13th of May, 1607. Pudney & Russell, printers. p. 12.
  6. Wakefield, Robert S. (1984). "Plymouth Colony Casualties in King Philip's War". The American Genealogist: 238–239.
  7. Keane, John (1995). Tom Paine: A Political Life. New York: Grove Press. p. 576, fn. 11. ISBN 9780802139641.
  8. Trussell, John B.B. (1976). Birthplace of an Army: A Study of the Valley Forge Encampment. Harrisburg, Pa.: Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission. p. iii. hdl:2027/inu.39000003345225. OCLC 3538099.
  9. Horatio Nelson Nelson (Viscount) (1845). The Dispatches and Letters of Vice Admiral Lord Viscount Nelson with Notes by Sir Nicholas Harris Nicolas: 1795 to 1797. 2. Henry Colburn. p. 321.
  10. Smith, Courtney (2017). "Volume II Chronology". In Smith, Courtney (ed.). American History Through Its Greatest Speeches: A Documentary History of the United States. Vol. 2: The 19th Century. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. xxiii. ISBN 9781610699693.
  11. Brian Carroll (2004). Australia's Prime Ministers: From Barton to Howard. Rosenberg Publishing Pty, Limited. p. 23. ISBN 978-1-877058-22-6.
  12. Legrand, Jacques (1987). Chronicle of the 20th Century. Ecam Publication. p. 22. ISBN 0-942191-01-3.
  13. Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p. 628. ISBN 978-3-8329-5609-7
  14. Antti Laine (2003) "Finland At War" (Suomi sodassa), p. 705-707 in Seppo Zetterberg et al., eds., A Small Giant of the Finnish History / Suomen historian pikkujättiläinen. Helsinki: WSOY. (in Finnish)
  15. Rollins, Henry (April 11, 2013). "Henry Rollins: Joe Cole and American Gun Violence". LA Weekly. Retrieved February 25, 2022.
  16. Dagan, Carmel (January 29, 2021). "Cicely Tyson, Pioneering Hollywood Icon, Dies at 96". Variety. Retrieved January 28, 2021.
  17. "Portrait of Ginger Stanley sitting on a diving board". State Archives of Florida. Retrieved February 25, 2010.
  18. "Lola Hendricks obituary" (PDF). The New Pilgrim. 2016-08-19. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-08-19. Retrieved 2019-11-02.
  19. "Tony Taylor Stats, Fantasy & News". MLB.com. Retrieved 22 July 2020.
  20. Stone, Andrea (3 January 2022). "Richard Leakey, trailblazing conservationist and fossil hunter, dies at 77". National Geographic. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  21. "Jake Gyllenhaal". www.goldenglobes.com. Hollywood Foreign Press Association. Retrieved 22 July 2020.
  22. "Torrey Craig". NBA.com. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
  23. "Steven Berghuis" (in Dutch). Retrieved 26 September 2022.
  24. "Colin Sinclair | Overview | ATP Tour | Tennis". ATP Tour. Retrieved 2022-10-22.
  25. "Saint Anastasius I | pope". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
  26. "Blessed Urban V | pope". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
  27. "Vitus Bering | Danish explorer". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
  28. Perälä, Reijo (September 8, 2006). "Kyösti Kallio kuolee, presidentiksi Risto Ryti". Elävä arkisto (in Finnish). Yle. Retrieved December 27, 2021.
  29. "Obituary: Masaru Ibuka". The Independent. 22 December 1997. Retrieved 22 July 2020.
  30. "The Death of Kim Peek, the 'Real Rain Man'".
  31. "Jimmy Hill: Former Match of the Day presenter dies aged 87". BBC Sport. 19 December 2015. Retrieved 19 December 2015.
  32. "Lord Janner dies, aged 87, after long illness". BBC News. 19 December 2015. Retrieved 19 December 2015.
  33. "Tidigare C-ledaren Karin Söder död". Dagens Nyheter (in Swedish). 27 December 2015. Retrieved 27 December 2015.
  34. Catherine E. Shoichet & Nick Thompson, Russia's ambassador to Turkey assassinated in Ankara, CNN (19 December 2016).
  35. "Rosalind Knight obituary". the Guardian. 2020-12-22. Retrieved 2020-12-24.
  36. McFadden, Robert D. (22 December 2021). "Sally Ann Howes, Star of 'Chitty Chitty Bang Bang,' Dies at 91". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2021-12-28. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
  37. Gregory Lemos and Chandelis Duster. "Former Sen. Johnny Isakson dies at the age of 76". CNN. Retrieved 2021-12-19.
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