November 20

November 20 is the 324th day of the year (325th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar; 41 days remain until the end of the year.

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November 20 in recent years
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Events

Pre-1600

1601–1900
  • 1695 – Zumbi, the last of the leaders of Quilombo dos Palmares in early Brazil, is executed by the forces of Portuguese bandeirante Domingos Jorge Velho.
  • 1739 – Start of the Battle of Porto Bello between British and Spanish forces during the War of Jenkins' Ear.
  • 1776 – American Revolutionary War: British forces land at the Palisades and then attack Fort Lee. The Continental Army starts to retreat across New Jersey.
  • 1789 – New Jersey becomes the first U.S. state to ratify the Bill of Rights.
  • 1805 – Beethoven's only opera, Fidelio, premieres in Vienna.
  • 1815 – The Second Treaty of Paris is signed, returning the French frontiers to their 1790 extent, imposing large indemnities, and prolonging the occupation by Allied troops for several more years.[4]
  • 1820 – An 80-ton sperm whale attacks and sinks the Essex (a whaling ship from Nantucket, Massachusetts) 3,200 kilometres (2,000 mi) from the western coast of South America. (Herman Melville's 1851 novel Moby-Dick was in part inspired by this incident.)
  • 1845 – Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata: Battle of Vuelta de Obligado.
  • 1861 – American Civil War: A secession ordinance is filed by Kentucky's Confederate government.
  • 1873 – Garnier Expedition: French forces under Lieutenant Francis Garnier captured Hanoi from the Vietnamese.[5]
  • 1900 – The French actress Sarah Bernhardt receives the press at the Savoy Hotel in New York at the outset of her first visit since 1896. She talked about her impending tour with a troupe of more than 50 performers and her plans to play the title role in Hamlet.[6]

1901–present

Births

Pre-1600
  • 270 – Maximinus II, Roman emperor (d. 313)
  • 939 – Emperor Taizong of Song (d. 997)
  • 1545 – Ernst Ludwig, Duke of Pomerania (d. 1592)

1601–1900
  • 1602 – Otto von Guericke, German physicist and politician (d. 1686)
  • 1603 – Fasilides, Ethiopian emperor (d. 1667)
  • 1620 – Avvakum, Russian priest and saint (d. 1682)
  • 1625 – Paulus Potter, Dutch painter (d. 1654)
  • 1629 – Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick-Luneburg (d. 1698)
  • 1660 – Daniel Ernst Jablonski, Czech-German theologian and reformer (d. 1741)
  • 1688 – Gyeongjong of Joseon, 20th king of the Joseon Dynasty (d. 1724)
  • 1715 – Pierre Charles Le Monnier, French astronomer (d. 1799)
  • 1726 – Oliver Wolcott, American politician (d. 1797)
  • 1733 – Philip Schuyler, American general and senator (d. 1804)
  • 1737 – José Antonio de Alzate y Ramírez, Spanish-Mexican scientist and cartographer (d. 1799)[12]
  • 1739 – Jean-François de La Harpe, French writer and literary critic (d. 1803)
  • 1748 – Jean-François de Bourgoing, French diplomat, writer and translator (d. 1811)
  • 1750 – Tipu Sultan, Indian ruler (d. 1799)
  • 1752 – Thomas Chatterton, English poet (d. 1770)[13]
  • 1753 – Louis-Alexandre Berthier, 1st Prince of Wagram (d. 1815)
  • 1755 – Stanisław Kostka Potocki, Polish noble, politician and writer (d. 1821)
  • 1761 – Pope Pius VIII (d. 1830)
  • 1776 – Ignaz Schuppanzigh, Austrian violinist (d. 1830)
  • 1781 – Karl Friedrich Eichhorn, German captain and jurist (d. 1854)
  • 1781 – Bartolomeo Pinelli, Italian illustrator and engraver (d. 1835)
  • 1782 – Georgius Jacobus Johannes van Os, Dutch painter (d. 1861)
  • 1783 – Georgios Sinas, Greek entrepreneur and banker (d. 1856)
  • 1784 – Marianne von Willemer, Austrian actress and dancer (d. 1860)
  • 1787 – Johann Nicolaus von Dreyse, German firearms inventor and manufacturer (d. 1867)
  • 1788 – Félix Varela, Cuban-born Roman Catholic priest (d. 1853)
  • 1794 – Eduard Rüppell, German naturalist and explorer (d. 1884)
  • 1801 – Mungo Ponton, Scottish inventor (d. 1880)
  • 1808 – Albert Kazimirski de Biberstein, French orientalist (d. 1887)
  • 1813 – Franz Miklosich, Slovenian linguist and philologist (d. 1891)
  • 1830 – Mikhail Dragomirov, Russian general (1905)
  • 1834 – Franjo Kuhač, Croatian conductor and composer (d. 1911)
  • 1841 – Victor D'Hondt, Belgian mathematician, lawyer, and jurist (d. 1901)
  • 1841 – François Denys Légitime, Haitian general (d. 1935)
  • 1841 – Wilfrid Laurier, Canadian lawyer and politician, 7th Prime Minister of Canada (d. 1919)
  • 1850 – Joseph Samuel Bloch, Austrian rabbi and deputy (d. 1923)
  • 1850 – Charlotte Garrigue, wife of Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk
  • 1851 – Mikhail Albov, Russian writer (d. 1911)
  • 1851 – John Merle Coulter, American botanist (d. 1928)
  • 1851 – Margherita of Savoy, Italian Queen consort (d. 1926)
  • 1853 – Oskar Potiorek, Austro-Hungarian Army officer (d. 1933)
  • 1855 – Josiah Royce, American philosopher (d. 1916)
  • 1857 – Helena Westermarck, Finnish artist and writer (d. 1938)
  • 1858 – Selma Lagerlöf, Swedish author and educator, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1940)[14]
  • 1860 – José Figueroa Alcorta, President of Argentina, (d. 1931)[15]
  • 1861 – Camillo Laurenti, Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church (d. 1938)
  • 1862 – Georges Palante, French philosopher and sociologist (d. 1925)
  • 1862 – Edvard Westermarck, Finnish philosopher and sociologist (d. 1939)
  • 1864 – Percy Cox, British Indian Army officer (d. 1937)
  • 1866 – Kenesaw Mountain Landis, American lawyer and judge (d. 1944)
  • 1866 – Maria Letizia Bonaparte, daughter of Prince Napoléon Bonaparte (d. 1926)
  • 1867 – Patrick Joseph Hayes, American Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church (d. 1938)
  • 1867 – Gustav Giemsa, German chemist and bacteriologist (d. 1948)
  • 1869 – Zinaida Gippius, Russian writer and editor (d. 1945)
  • 1869 – Josaphata Hordashevska, Ukrainian Greek-Catholic nun (d. 1919)
  • 1871 – William Heard Kilpatrick, American pedagogue (d. 1965)
  • 1871 – Augusto Weberbauer, German naturalist (d. 1948)
  • 1873 – Ramón Castillo, Argentine politician (d. 1944)
  • 1873 – William Coblentz, American physicist (d. 1962)
  • 1873 – Georges Caussade, French composer (d. 1936)
  • 1873 – Daniel Gregory Mason, American composer and music critic (d. 1953)
  • 1874 – James Michael Curley, American lawyer, politician, 53rd Governor of Massachusetts, and criminal (d. 1958)
  • 1875 – Friedrich Werner von der Schulenburg, German diplomat (d. 1944)
  • 1876 – Rudolf Koch, German designer (d. 1934)
  • 1877 – Herbert Pitman, English sailor (d. 1961)
  • 1880 – Walter Brack, German swimmer (d. 1919)
  • 1881 – Irakli Tsereteli, Georgian politician (d. 1959)
  • 1882 – Ernestas Galvanauskas, Lithuanian engineer and politician (d. 1967)
  • 1883 – Edwin August, American actor and director (d. 1964)
  • 1883 – Tony Gaudio, Italian American cinematographer (d. 1951)
  • 1884 – Norman Thomas, American minister and politician (d. 1968)
  • 1885 – George Holley, English footballer (d. 1942)[16]
  • 1885 – Kaarlo Vasama, Finnish gymnast (d. 1926)
  • 1886 – Robert Hunter, American golfer (d. 1971)
  • 1886 – Karl von Frisch, Austrian-German ethologist and zoologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1982)
  • 1886 – Alexandre Stavisky, French financier and embezzler (d. 1934)
  • 1887 – Jean Ducret, French footballer
  • 1888 – Dennis Fenton, American sports shooter (d. 1954)
  • 1889 – Edwin Hubble, American astronomer and cosmologist (d. 1953)
  • 1890 – Robert Armstrong, American actor (d. 1973)
  • 1890 – Harald Madsen, Danish actor (d. 1949)
  • 1890 – Lauri Tanner, Finnish gymnast (d. 1950)
  • 1891 – Reginald Denny, English actor (d. 1967)
  • 1892 – James Collip, Canadian biochemist and academic, co-discovered insulin (d. 1965)
  • 1893 – André Bloch, French mathematician (d. 1948)
  • 1893 – Grace Darmond, Canadian-American actress (d. 1963)
  • 1894 – Johann Nikuradse, Georgian-born German engineer and physicist (d. 1979)
  • 1895 – Pierre Cot, French politician (d. 1977)
  • 1896 – Chiyono Hasegawa, Japanese supercentenarian (d. 2011)
  • 1896 – Carl Mayer, Austrian-Jewish screenplay writer (d. 1944)
  • 1897 – Germaine Krull, German photographer and political activist (d. 1985)
  • 1898 – Richmond Landon, American high jumper (d. 1971)
  • 1898 – Adrian Piotrovsky, Russian dramaturge (d. 1937)
  • 1899 – Alicja Kotowska, Polish nun (d. 1939)
  • 1900 – Florieda Batson, American Olympic hurdler (d. 1996)
  • 1900 – Helen Bradley, English painter (d. 1979)
  • 1900 – Chester Gould, American cartoonist and author, created Dick Tracy (d. 1985)

1901–present
  • 1901 – José Leandro Andrade, Uruguayan footballer (d. 1957)
  • 1902 – Gianpiero Combi, Italian footballer (d. 1956)
  • 1902 – Erik Eriksen, Danish politician (d. 1972)
  • 1902 – Heini Meng, Swiss ice hockey player (d. 1982)
  • 1902 – Jean Painlevé, French photographer and filmmaker (d. 1989)
  • 1902 – Philipp Schmitt, German officer of the Schutzstaffel (d. 1950)
  • 1903 – Alexandra Danilova, Russian-American ballerina and choreographer (d. 1997)
  • 1903 – Ishtiaq Hussain Qureshi, Pakistani historian and educator (d. 1981)[17]
  • 1904 – Arnold Gartmann, Swiss bobsledder (d. 1980)
  • 1905 – Minoo Masani, Indian lawyer and politician (d. 1998)
  • 1906 – Vera Tanner, English swimmer (d. 1971)
  • 1907 – Fran Allison, American entertainer (d. 1989)
  • 1907 – Mihai Beniuc, Romanian writer (d. 1988)
  • 1907 – Henri-Georges Clouzot, French film director, screenwriter and producer (d. 1977)[18]
  • 1907 – Anni Rehborn, German swimmer (d. 1987)[19]
  • 1908 – Louis, Prince of Hesse and by Rhine, the youngest son of Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse (d. 1968)
  • 1908 – Alistair Cooke, British-American journalist and author (d. 2004)
  • 1908 – Jenő Vincze, Hungarian footballer (d. 1988)[20]
  • 1909 – John Berger, Swiss cross-country skier (d. 2002)
  • 1909 – Vicente Feola, Brazilian football manager and coach (d. 1975)
  • 1909 – Piero Gherardi, Italian costume and set designer (d. 1971)
  • 1909 – Samand Siabandov, Soviet Red Army writer (d. 1989)
  • 1910 – Willem Jacob van Stockum, Dutch mathematician, pilot, and academic (d. 1944)
  • 1910 – Pauli Murray, American civil rights activist, women's rights activist, lawyer, Episcopal priest, and author (d. 1985)
  • 1911 – Eduard Kainberger, Austrian footballer (d. 1974)
  • 1911 – David Seymour, Polish photographer (d. 1956)
  • 1911 – Jean Shiley, American high jumper (d. 1998)
  • 1911 – Rupert Weinstabl, Austrian sprint canoeist (d. 1953)
  • 1911 – Paul Zielinski, German footballer (d. 1966)[21]
  • 1912 – Enrique Garcia, Argentine footballer (d. 1969)
  • 1912 – Otto von Habsburg, the last Crown Prince of Austria-Hungary (d. 2011)
  • 1913 – Franz Berghammer, Austrian field handballer (d. 1944)
  • 1913 – Charles Berlitz, American linguist (d. 2003)
  • 1913 – Charles Bettelheim, French Marxian economist and historian (d. 2006)
  • 1913 – Judy Canova, American actress and comedian (d. 1983)
  • 1913 – Kostas Choumis, Greek footballer (d. 1981)
  • 1913 – Russell Rouse, American screenwriter, director and producer (d. 1987)
  • 1913 – Libertas Schulze-Boysen, German opponent of the Nazis (d. 1942)
  • 1913 – Yakov Zak, Soviet pianist (d. 1976)
  • 1914 – Emilio Pucci, Italian fashion designer and politician (d. 1992)
  • 1914 – Kurt Lundqvist, Swedish high jumper (d. 1976)
  • 1915 – Kon Ichikawa, Japanese director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2008)
  • 1915 – Hu Yaobang, Chinese politician (d. 1989)
  • 1916 – Charles E. Osgood, American psychologist (d. 1991)
  • 1916 – Michael J. Ingelido, American general (d. 2015)
  • 1916 – Evelyn Keyes, American actress (d. 2008)
  • 1916 – Donald T. Campbell, American social scientist (d. 1996)
  • 1917 – Robert Byrd, American lawyer and politician (d. 2010)
  • 1917 – Leonard Jimmie Savage, American mathematician (d. 1971)
  • 1917 – Erich Leo Lehmann, American statistician (d. 2009)
  • 1917 – Bobby Locke, South African golfer (d. 1987)
  • 1918 – Corita Kent, American nun, illustrator, and educator (d. 1986)
  • 1918 – Dora Ratjen, German high jumper (d. 2008)
  • 1919 – Alan Brown, English race car driver (d. 2004)
  • 1919 – Phyllis Thaxter, American actress (d. 2012)
  • 1920 – Douglas Dick, American actor and psychologist (d. 2015)
  • 1921 – Jim Garrison, American lawyer and judge (d. 1992)
  • 1923 – Gunnar Åkerlund, Swedish sprint canoer (d. 2006)
  • 1923 – Danny Dayton, American actor and director (d. 1999)
  • 1923 – Tonino Delli Colli, Italian cinematographer (d. 2005)
  • 1923 – Nadine Gordimer, South African novelist, short story writer, and activist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2014)
  • 1924 – Karen Harup, Danish swimmer (d. 2009)
  • 1924 – Timothy Evans, (d. 1950)
  • 1924 – Benoit Mandelbrot, Polish-American mathematician and economist (d. 2010)
  • 1924 – Michael Riffaterre, French literary critic and theorist (d. 2006)
  • 1924 – Henk Vredeling, Dutch agronomist and politician, Dutch Minister of Defence (d. 2007)
  • 1925 – June Christy, American singer (d. 1990)
  • 1925 – Robert F. Kennedy, US Navy officer, lawyer, and politician, 64th United States Attorney General (d. 1968)
  • 1925 – Maya Plisetskaya, Russian-Lithuanian ballerina, choreographer, actress, and director (d. 2015)
  • 1926 – John Gardner, English soldier and author (d. 2007)
  • 1926 – Tôn Thất Đính, Vietnamese general (d. 2013)
  • 1926 – Édouard Leclerc, French businessman and entrepreneur (d. 2012)
  • 1926 – Miroslav Tichý, Czech photographer (d. 2011)
  • 1927 – Vakhtang Balavadze, Georgian wrestler (d. 2018)
  • 1927 – Ed Freeman, American soldier and pilot, Medal of Honor recipient (d. 2008)
  • 1927 – Estelle Parsons, American actress and director
  • 1927 – Wolfgang Schreyer, German writer (d. 2017)
  • 1927 – Mikhail Ulyanov, Soviet and Russian actor (d. 2007)
  • 1928 – Aleksey Batalov, Russian actor, director, and screenwriter (d. 2017)
  • 1928 – Franklin Cover, American actor (d. 2006)
  • 1928 – Pedro Ferrándiz, Spanish basketball coach
  • 1928 – John Disley, Welsh athlete (d. 2016)
  • 1928 – Pete Rademacher, American boxer
  • 1928 – Genrikh Sapgir, Russian writer (d. 1999)
  • 1929 – Jerry Hardin, American actor
  • 1929 – Raymond Lefèvre, French composer (d. 2008)
  • 1929 – Gabriel Ochoa Uribe, Colombian footballer
  • 1929 – Ron Willey, Australian rugby league player and coach (d. 2004)
  • 1930 – Christine Arnothy, French writer (d. 2015)
  • 1930 – Aarón Hernán, Mexican actor
  • 1930 – Bernard Horsfall, English-Scottish actor (d. 2013)
  • 1930 – Choe Yong-rim, North Korean Premier
  • 1931 – Wayne Moore, American swimmer (d. 2015)
  • 1932 – Richard Dawson, English-American actor and game show host (d. 2012)
  • 1932 – Yorozuya Kinnosuke, Japanese kabuki actor (d. 1997)
  • 1932 – Sándor Mátrai, Hungarian footballer (d. 2002)
  • 1932 – Paulo Valentim, Brazilian footballer (d. 1984)
  • 1932 – Colville Young, Governor-General of Belize
  • 1934 – Paco Ibáñez, Spanish singer and musician
  • 1934 – Lev Polugaevsky, Soviet Chess Grandmaster (d. 1995)
  • 1935 – Leo Falcam, Micronesian politician and 5th President of Micronesia (d. 2018)
  • 1935 – Imre Makovecz, Hungarian architect (d. 2011)
  • 1936 – Hans van Abeelen, Dutch geneticist (d. 1998)
  • 1936 – Don DeLillo, American novelist, essayist, and playwright
  • 1936 – Luciano Fabro, Italian sculptor and artist (d. 2007)
  • 1936 – Charles R. Larson, American admiral (d. 2014)
  • 1937 – René Kollo, German tenor
  • 1937 – Ruth Laredo, American pianist and educator (d. 2005)
  • 1937 – Eero Mäntyranta, Finnish skier (d. 2013)
  • 1937 – Bruno Mealli, Italian cyclist
  • 1937 – Viktoriya Tokareva, Russian author and screenwriter
  • 1938 – Colin Fox, Canadian actor
  • 1939 – Jerry Colangelo, American businessman
  • 1939 – Copi, Argentine writer and artist (d. 1987)
  • 1939 – Dick Smothers, American actor and comedian
  • 1939 – Jan Szczepański, Polish boxer (d. 2017)
  • 1940 – Wendy Doniger, American indologist
  • 1940 – Helma Sanders-Brahms, German director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2014)
  • 1940 – Ediz Hun, Turkish actor and politician
  • 1940 – Arieh Warshel, Israeli-American biochemist and biophysicist
  • 1941 – Oliver Sipple, U.S. Marine and Vietnam War veteran (d. 1989)
  • 1941 – Dr. John, American singer and songwriter (d. 2019)
  • 1942 – Joe Biden, American politician, 46th President of the United States[22]
  • 1942 – Bob Einstein, American actor, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2019)
  • 1942 – Norman Greenbaum, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
  • 1942 – Meredith Monk, American composer and choreographer
  • 1942 – Paulos Faraj Rahho, Chaldean Catholic Archeparch of Mosul (d. 2008)
  • 1943 – David Douglas-Home, British businessman and politician
  • 1943 – Veronica Hamel, American actress and model
  • 1943 – Ivan Hrdlička, Czechoslovakian footballer[23]
  • 1943 – Suze Rotolo, American artist
  • 1944 – Louie Dampier, American basketball player and coach
  • 1944 – Wayne Maki, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 1974)
  • 1944 – Anthea Stewart, Zimbabwean field hockey player
  • 1945 – Deborah Eisenberg, American writer, actress and teacher
  • 1946 – Duane Allman, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1971)
  • 1946 – Algimantas Butnorius, Lithuanian chess Grandmaster (d. 2017)
  • 1946 – Patriarch Kirill of Moscow
  • 1946 – Samuel E. Wright, American actor, voice actor and singer (d. 2021)
  • 1947 – Nurlan Balgimbayev, Prime Minister of Kazakhstan (d. 2015)
  • 1947 – Eli Ben Rimoz, Israeli footballer
  • 1947 – Joe Walsh, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, producer, and actor
  • 1948 – John R. Bolton, American lawyer and diplomat, 25th United States Ambassador to the United Nations
  • 1948 – Park Chul-soo, South Korean director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2013)
  • 1948 – Barbara Hendricks, American-Swedish soprano and actress
  • 1948 – Richard Masur, American actor and director
  • 1948 – Gunnar Nilsson, Swedish race car driver (d. 1978)
  • 1948 – Kenjiro Shinozuka, Japanese race car driver
  • 1949 – Jeff Dowd, American film producer and activist
  • 1949 – Thelma Drake, American politician
  • 1949 – Ulf Lundell, Swedish writer and composer
  • 1949 – Juha Mieto, Finnish cross-country skier
  • 1949 – Nené, Portuguese footballer
  • 1950 – Jacqueline Gourault, French politician
  • 1950 – Gary Green, British musician
  • 1951 – Rodger Bumpass, American actor and singer
  • 1951 – León Gieco, Argentine folk rock singer and interpreter
  • 1951 – Aleksey Spiridonov, Soviet footballer (d. 1998)
  • 1951 – David Walters, American businessman and politician, 24th Governor of Oklahoma
  • 1952 – John Van Boxmeer, Canadian ice hockey player and coach
  • 1953 – Fábio Jr., Brazilian singer-songwriter and actor
  • 1953 – Greg Gibson, American wrestler
  • 1953 – Halid Bešlić, Bosnian musician and singer
  • 1953 - Nirmal Selvamony, Indian Tamil academician and ecocritic[24]
  • 1954 – Richard Brooker, English actor and stuntman (d. 2013)
  • 1954 – Antonina Koshel, Soviet artistic gymnast
  • 1954 – Frank Marino, Canadian guitarist and singer-songwriter
  • 1954 – Bin Shimada, Japanese voice actor
  • 1955 – Angela Finocchiaro, Italian actress
  • 1955 – Toshio Matsuura, Japanese footballer
  • 1955 – Ray Ozzie, American software industry entrepreneur
  • 1956 – Bo Derek, American actress and producer
  • 1957 – Stefan Bellof, German race car driver (d. 1985)
  • 1957 – John Eriksen, Danish footballer (d. 2002)
  • 1957 – Jean-Marc Furlan, French football manager
  • 1957 – Goodluck Jonathan, President of Nigeria
  • 1958 – Rickson Gracie, Brazilian mixed martial artist and choreographer
  • 1959 – Diane James, British politician
  • 1959 – Mario Martone, Italian director and screenwriter
  • 1959 – Franz-Peter Tebartz-van Elst, German prelate of the Catholic Church and theologian[25]
  • 1959 – Sean Young, American actress and dancer
  • 1960 – Ye Jiangchuan, Chinese chess player
  • 1960 – Ozell Jones, American basketball player (d. 2006)
  • 1961 – Pierre Hermé, French pastry chef and chocolatier
  • 1961 – Petra Wenzel, Liechtenstein alpine skier
  • 1962 – Živko Budimir, Bosnian politician
  • 1962 – Polona Dornik, Yugoslav and Slovenian basketball player
  • 1962 – Rajkumar Hirani, Indian director
  • 1962 – Abderrazak Khairi, Moroccan footballer
  • 1962 – Peng Liyuan, wife of Xi Jinping
  • 1962 – Gerardo Martino, Argentine footballer
  • 1963 – Tim Gavin, Australian rugby player
  • 1963 – Timothy Gowers, English mathematician and academic
  • 1963 – Beezie Madden, American show jumper
  • 1963 – Ming-Na Wen, Chinese-American actress
  • 1964 – Katharina Böhm, Austrian actress
  • 1964 – Boris Dežulović, Croatian journalist and author
  • 1964 – Andriy Kalashnykov, Ukrainian wrestler
  • 1964 – John MacLean, Canadian ice hockey player and coach
  • 1965 – Mike D, American rapper and drummer
  • 1965 – Nigel Gibbs, English footballer and coach
  • 1965 – Yehuda Glick, American-Israeli Orthodox rabbi
  • 1965 – Amos Mansdorf, Israeli tennis player
  • 1965 – Takeshi Kusao, Japanese actor and singer
  • 1965 – Jimmy Vasser, American race car driver
  • 1965 – Yoshiki, Japanese musician
  • 1966 – Neil Broad, British tennis player
  • 1966 – Kevin Gilbert, American singer-songwriter and musician (d. 1996)
  • 1966 – Terry Lovejoy, Australian information technologist
  • 1966 – Štefan Svitek, Slovak basketball coach
  • 1966 – Jill Thompson, American author and illustrator
  • 1967 – Chris Childs, American basketball player
  • 1967 – Stuart Ripley, English footballer
  • 1967 – Teoman, Turkish singer
  • 1968 – James Dutton, American astronaut
  • 1968 – Andrei Kharlov, Russian chess player
  • 1968 – Paul Scheuring, American screenwriter and director
  • 1968 – David Einhorn, American hedge fund manager
  • 1968 – Jeff Tarango, American tennis player
  • 1969 – Jimmy Blandon, Ecuadorian footballer
  • 1969 – Kristian Ghedina, Italian alpine ski racer
  • 1969 – Chris Harris, New Zealand cricketer
  • 1969 – Wolfgang Stark, German football referee
  • 1969 – Callie Thorne, American actress and producer
  • 1970 – Mansour bin Zayed Al Nahyan, deputy prime minister of the United Arab Emirates
  • 1970 – Matt Blunt, American lieutenant and politician, 54th Governor of Missouri
  • 1970 – Phife Dawg, American rapper (d. 2016)
  • 1970 – Delia Gonzalez, American boxer
  • 1970 – Stéphane Houdet, French wheelchair tennis player
  • 1970 – Geoffrey Keezer, American pianist and educator
  • 1970 – Sabrina Lloyd, American actress
  • 1971 – Mike Dunn, English snooker player
  • 1971 – Joey Galloway, American football player and sportscaster
  • 1971 – Joel McHale, American comedian, actor, and producer
  • 1972 – Johan Åkerman, Swedish ice hockey player
  • 1972 – Jérôme Alonzo, French footballer
  • 1972 – Ed Benes, Brazilian comic book artist
  • 1972 – Paulo Figueiredo, Angolan footballer
  • 1972 – Corinne Niogret, French biathlete
  • 1972 – Skander Souayah, Tunisian footballer
  • 1972 – Tatiana Turanskaya, Transnistrian politician
  • 1973 – Angelica Bridges, American actress and singer
  • 1973 – Fabio Galante, Italian footballer
  • 1973 – Neil Hodgson, English motorcycle racer and sportscaster
  • 1973 – Masaya Honda, Japanese footballer
  • 1974 – Daniela Anschütz-Thoms, German speed skater
  • 1974 – Jason Faunt, American actor
  • 1974 – Florian David Fitz, German actor, screenwriter and director
  • 1974 – Drew Ginn, Australian rower
  • 1974 – Claudio Husain, Argentine footballer
  • 1974 – Jon Knudsen, Norwegian footballer
  • 1975 – Mengke Bateer, Chinese Inner Mongolian basketball player
  • 1975 – Dierks Bentley, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
  • 1975 – Ryan Bowen, American basketball player and coach
  • 1975 – J. D. Drew, American baseball player
  • 1975 – Joshua Gomez, American actor
  • 1975 – Sébastien Hamel, French footballer
  • 1975 – Davey Havok, American singer-songwriter
  • 1976 – Mohamed Barakat, Egyptian footballer
  • 1976 – Beto, Brazilian footballer
  • 1976 – DeJuan Collins, American basketball player
  • 1976 – Dominique Dawes, American gymnast and actress
  • 1976 – Laura Harris, Canadian actress
  • 1976 – Adrián Hernán González, Argentine footballer
  • 1976 – Harold Jamison, American basketball player
  • 1976 – Tusshar Kapoor, Indian Bollywood actor and producer
  • 1976 – Pascal Roller, German basketball player
  • 1976 – Francisco Rufete, Spanish footballer
  • 1976 – Nebojša Stefanović, Serbian politician
  • 1976 – Doug Viney, New Zealand boxer
  • 1976 – Atsushi Yoneyama, Japanese footballer
  • 1976 – Ji Yun-nam, North Korean footballer
  • 1977 – Rudy Charles, American wrestling referee
  • 1977 – Mikhail Ivanov, Russian cross-country skier
  • 1977 – Daniel Svensson, Swedish drummer and producer
  • 1977 – Josh Turner, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and actor
  • 1978 – Jean-François Bedenik, French footballer and coach
  • 1978 – Freya Lim, Taiwanese-Malaysian singer and radio host
  • 1978 – Kéné Ndoye, Senegalese track and fielder
  • 1978 – Nadine Velazquez, American actress and model
  • 1979 – Maree Bowden, New Zealand netball player
  • 1979 – Dmitri Bulykin, Russian footballer
  • 1979 – Kateryna Burmistrova, Ukrainian wrestler
  • 1979 – Naide Gomes, Portuguese heptathlete and long jumper
  • 1979 – Joseph Hallman, American composer and academic
  • 1979 – Anastasiya Kapachinskaya, Russian sprint athlete
  • 1979 – Hassan Mostafa, Egyptian footballer
  • 1979 – Jacob Pitts, American actor
  • 1979 – Shalini, Indian actress
  • 1979 – Arpad Sterbik, Serbian handball player
  • 1980 – Dilnaz Akhmadieva, Kazakhstani singer and actress
  • 1980 – James Chambers, English footballer
  • 1980 – Eiko Koike, Japanese actress
  • 1980 – Poonsawat Kratingdaenggym, Thai boxer
  • 1980 – Marek Krejčí, Slovak footballer (d. 2007)
  • 1980 – Ana Caterina Morariu, Romanian-Italian actress
  • 1980 – Christian Obrist, Italian middle-distance runner
  • 1980 – Eoin Reddan, Irish rugby union player
  • 1981 – Carlos Boozer, American basketball player[26]
  • 1981 – Yuko Kavaguti, Japanese ice skater
  • 1981 – Ye Li, Chinese basketball player
  • 1981 – Andrea Riseborough, English actress
  • 1981 – İbrahim Toraman, Turkish footballer[27]
  • 1981 – Orsolya Tóth, Hungarian actress
  • 1981 – Kimberley Walsh, English singer-songwriter and actress
  • 1982 – Stephen Ademolu, Canadian footballer
  • 1982 – Dương Hồng Sơn, Vietnamese footballer
  • 1982 – Rémi Mathis, French historian and curator
  • 1982 – Shermine Shahrivar, Iranian model
  • 1982 – Gregor Urbas, Slovenian figure skater
  • 1982 – Israel Villaseñor, Mexican footballer
  • 1983 – Future, American rapper
  • 1983 – Dele Aiyenugba, Nigerian footballer
  • 1983 – Mónika Kovacsicz, Hungarian handballer
  • 1984 – Ali, South Korean singer
  • 1984 – Halley Feiffer, American actress and playwright
  • 1984 – Kévin Hecquefeuille, French ice hockey player
  • 1984 – Justin Hoyte, English footballer
  • 1984 – Jeremy Jordan, American actor
  • 1984 – Cartier Martin, American basketball player
  • 1984 – Nelson Sebastián Maz, Uruguayan footballer
  • 1984 – Sherjill MacDonald, Dutch footballer
  • 1984 – Moe Meguro, Japanese curler
  • 1984 – Ferdinando Monfardini, Italian race car driver
  • 1984 – Florencia Mutio, Argentine field hockey player
  • 1984 – Stéphane N'Guéma, Gabonese footballer
  • 1984 – Naoya Tamura, Japanese footballer
  • 1984 – Monique van der Vorst, Dutch cyclist
  • 1984 – Lee Yun-yeol, South Korean gamer
  • 1985 – Juan Cruz Álvarez, Argentinian race car driver
  • 1985 – Eric Boateng, British basketball player
  • 1985 – Dan Byrd, American actor
  • 1985 – Muhamed Demiri, Macedonian footballer
  • 1985 – Greg Holland, American baseball player
  • 1985 – Maria Mukhortova, Russian skater
  • 1985 – Heinrich Schmidtgal, Kazakhstani footballer
  • 1985 – Themistoklis Tzimopoulos, Greek New Zealander footballer
  • 1985 – Aaron Yan, Taiwanese actor and singer
  • 1986 – Josh Carter, American basketball player
  • 1986 – Edder Delgado, Honduran footballer
  • 1986 – Ashley Fink, American actress and singer
  • 1986 – Kōhei Horikoshi, Japanese manga artist
  • 1986 – Özer Hurmacı, Turkish footballer
  • 1986 – William Fernando da Silva, Brazilian footballer
  • 1986 – Oliver Sykes, English singer-songwriter
  • 1986 – Bartolomé Salvá Vidal, Spanish tennis player
  • 1986 – Koudai Tsukakoshi, Japanese race car driver
  • 1987 – Amelia Rose Blaire, American actress
  • 1987 – Andrew Driver, English footballer
  • 1987 – Ben Hamer, English footballer
  • 1987 – Mylène Lazare, French swimmer
  • 1987 – Kou Lei, Ukrainian table tennis player
  • 1987 – Nathan Lyon, Australian cricketer
  • 1987 – Joëlle Numainville, Canadian cyclist
  • 1987 – Christoph Pfingsten, German cyclist
  • 1987 – Valdet Rama, Albanian footballer
  • 1987 – Gina Stechert, German alpine skier
  • 1988 – Marie-Laure Brunet, French biathlete
  • 1988 – Aya Medany, Egyptian modern pentathlete.
  • 1988 – Max Pacioretty, American ice hockey player
  • 1988 – Roberto Rosales, Venezuelan footballer
  • 1988 – Dariga Shakimova, Kazakhstani boxer
  • 1988 – Dušan Tadić, Serbian footballer
  • 1988 – Rhys Wakefield, Australian actor and director
  • 1989 – Artak Dashyan, Armenian footballer
  • 1989 – Babita Kumari, Indian wrestler
  • 1989 – Cody Linley, American actor and singer
  • 1989 – Agon Mehmeti, Swedish footballer
  • 1989 – Jonas Mendes, Bissau-Guinean footballer
  • 1989 – Sergei Polunin, Ukrainian ballet dancer
  • 1989 – Eduardo Vargas, Chilean footballer
  • 1989 – Dmitry Zhitnikov, Russian handballer
  • 1990 – Haley Anderson, American swimmer
  • 1990 – Mark Christian, Manx cyclist
  • 1990 – Aleksandra Król, Polish snowboarder
  • 1990 – Slobodan Medojević, Serbian footballer
  • 1990 – Nzuzi Toko, Congolese footballer
  • 1991 – Irene Esser, Venezuelan actress and model
  • 1991 – Grant Hanley, Scottish footballer
  • 1991 – Anthony Knockaert, French footballer
  • 1991 – Yvonne Leuko, Cameroonian footballer
  • 1991 – Kim Se-yong, South Korean singer and actor
  • 1991 – Tim Simona, New Zealand rugby league player
  • 1992 – Amit Guluzade, Azerbaijani footballer
  • 1992 – Zoltán Harcsa, Hungarian boxer
  • 1992 – Maiha Ishimura, Japanese singer and actress
  • 1992 – Kristiina Mäkelä, Finnish triple jumper
  • 1992 – Gaku Matsuda, Japanese actor
  • 1992 – Jenna Prandini, American track and field athlete
  • 1992 – Brayan Ramirez, Colombian cyclist
  • 1992 – Frédéric Veseli, Albanian footballer
  • 1993 – Junior Paulo, New Zealand rugby league player
  • 1993 – Sanjin Prcić, Bosnian footballer
  • 1993 – Anna Prugova, Russian ice hockey player
  • 1994 – Timothy Kitum, Kenyan middle-distance runner
  • 1995 – Timothy Cheruiyot, Kenyan athlete[28]
  • 1995 – Iván Garcia, Spanish cyclist
  • 1995 – Shaolin Sándor Liu, Hungarian short track speed skater
  • 1995 – Kyle Snyder, American wrestler[29]
  • 1996 – Jack Harrison, English professional footballer[30]
  • 1996 – Blaž Janc, Slovenian handballer[31]
  • 1996 – Denis Zakaria, Swiss footballer[32]
  • 1997 – Levi Garcia, Trinidadian footballer[33]
  • 2000 – Connie Talbot, English singer-songwriter[34]
  • 2001 – Caty McNally, American tennis player[35]
  • 2002 – Madisyn Shipman, American actress[36]

Deaths

Pre-1600
  • 284 – Numerian, Roman emperor
  • 763 – Domnall Midi, High King of Ireland (b. 743)
  • 811 – Li Fan, Chinese chancellor (b. 754)
  • 855 – Theoktistos, Byzantine courtier
  • 869 – Edmund the Martyr, English king (b. 841)
  • 927 – Xu Wen, Chinese general (b. 862)
  • 996 – Richard I, duke of Normandy (b. 932)
  • 1008 – Geoffrey I, duke of Brittany (b. 980)
  • 1022 – Bernward of Hildesheim, German bishop (b. c. 960)
  • 1314 – Albert II, German nobleman (b. 1240)
  • 1316 – John I, king of France and Navarra (b. 1316)
  • 1400 – Elisabeth of Moravia, margravine of Meissen
  • 1480 – Eleanor of Scotland, Scottish princess (b. 1433)
  • 1518 – Pierre de la Rue, Belgian singer and composer (b. 1452)
  • 1559 – Lady Frances Brandon, English noblewoman and claimant to the throne of England (b. 1517)
  • 1591 – Christopher Hatton, English academic and politician, Lord Chancellor of England (b. 1540)
  • 1593 – Hans Bol, Flemish painter (b. 1534)

1601–1900
  • 1606 – John Lyly, English poet and courtier
  • 1612 – John Harington, English courtier and author (b. 1561)
  • 1651 – Mikołaj Potocki, Polish nobleman (b. 1595)
  • 1678 – Karel Dujardin, Dutch Golden Age painter (b. 1622)
  • 1662 – Leopold Wilhelm, Austrian duke and governor (b. 1614)
  • 1695 – Zumbi, Brazilian king (b. 1655)
  • 1704 – Charles Plumier, French botanist and painter (b. 1646)
  • 1737 – Caroline of Ansbach, queen of England and Ireland (b. 1683)
  • 1742 – Melchior de Polignac, French cardinal and poet (b. 1661)
  • 1758 – Johan Helmich Roman, Swedish violinist and composer (b. 1694)
  • 1764 – Christian Goldbach, Prussian mathematician and theorist (b. 1690)
  • 1773 – Charles Jennens, English landowner and patron of the arts
  • 1778 – Francesco Cetti, Italian priest, zoologist, and mathematician (b. 1726)
  • 1824 – Carl Axel Arrhenius, Swedish chemist (b. 1757)
  • 1856 – Farkas Bolyai, Romanian-Hungarian mathematician and academic (b. 1775)
  • 1864 – Albert Newsam, American painter and illustrator (b. 1809)
  • 1866 – Otto Karl Berg, German botanist and pharmacist (b. 1815)
  • 1880 – Léon Cogniet, French painter (b. 1794)
  • 1882 – Henry Draper, American doctor and astronomer (b. 1837)
  • 1886 – William Bliss Baker, American painter (b. 1859)
  • 1889 – August Ahlqvist, Finnish professor, poet, scholar of the Finno-Ugric languages, author, and literary critic (b. 1826)[37]
  • 1894 – Anton Rubinstein, Russian pianist, composer, and conductor (b. 1829)
  • 1898 – Sir John Fowler, 1st Baronet, English engineer (b. 1817)

1901–present
  • 1903 – Gaston de Chasseloup-Laubat, French race car driver (b. 1867)
  • 1903 – Tom Horn, American scout, cowboy, soldier
  • 1907 – Paula Modersohn-Becker, German painter (b. 1876)[38]
  • 1908 – Albert Dietrich, German composer and conductor (b. 1829)
  • 1908 – Georgy Voronoy, Ukrainian mathematician and academic (b. 1868)
  • 1910 – Leo Tolstoy, Russian author and playwright (b. 1828)
  • 1918 – John Bauer, Swedish painter and illustrator (b.1882)
  • 1923 – Allen Holubar, American actor and director
  • 1923 – Denny Barry Irish Republican, Hunger Striker (b. 1883)[39]
  • 1924 – Ebenezer Cobb Morley, English sportsman and the father of the Football Association and modern football (b. 1831)
  • 1925 – Alexandra of Denmark, Queen of the United Kingdom (b. 1844)[40]
  • 1930 – Bill Holland, American track and field athlete (b. 1874)
  • 1933 – Augustine Birrell, British politician (b. 1815)
  • 1934 – Willem de Sitter, Dutch mathematician, physicist, and astronomer (b. 1872)
  • 1935 – John Jellicoe, Royal Navy officer (b. 1859)
  • 1936 – Buenaventura Durruti, Spanish mechanic and activist (b. 1896)
  • 1936 – José Antonio Primo de Rivera, Spanish lawyer and politician (b. 1903)
  • 1938 – Maud of Wales, queen of Norway (b. 1869)
  • 1938 – Edwin Hall, American physicist (b. 1855)
  • 1940 – Arturo Bocchini, Chief of Police under the Fascist regime of Benito Mussolini (b. 1880)
  • 1940 – Tim Coleman, English footballer (b. 1881)
  • 1940 – Robert Lane, Canadian footballer (b. 1882)
  • 1941 – Elmar Muuk, Estonian linguist and author (b. 1901)
  • 1944 – Maria Jacobini, Italian actress (b. 1892)
  • 1945 – Francis William Aston, English chemist and physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1877)
  • 1947 – Wolfgang Borchert, German author and playwright (b. 1921)
  • 1950 – Francesco Cilea, Italian composer (b. 1866)
  • 1952 – Benedetto Croce, Italian philosopher and politician (b. 1866)
  • 1954 – Clyde Vernon Cessna, American pilot and engineer, founded the Cessna Aircraft Corporation (b. 1879)
  • 1957 – Mstislav Dobuzhinsky, Russian-Lithuanian painter and illustrator (b. 1875)
  • 1959 – Sylvia Lopez, French model and actress (b. 1933)
  • 1960 – Ya'akov Cahan, Israeli writer and translator (b. 1881)
  • 1972 – Ennio Flaiano, Italian writer and journalist (b. 1910)
  • 1973 – Allan Sherman, American actor, comedian, and producer (b. 1924)
  • 1975 – Francisco Franco, Spanish general and dictator, Prime Minister of Spain (b. 1892)[41]
  • 1976 – Trofim Lysenko, Ukrainian-Russian biologist and agronomist (b. 1898)
  • 1978 – Giorgio de Chirico, Greek-Italian painter and sculptor (b. 1888)
  • 1978 – Vasilisk Gnedov, Russian soldier and poet (b. 1890)
  • 1980 – John McEwen, Australian lawyer and politician, 18th Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1900)
  • 1983 – Marcel Dalio, French actor and playwright (b. 1900)
  • 1983 – Richard Loo, Chinese-American actor (b. 1903)
  • 1984 – Carlo Campanini, Italian actor, singer and comedian (b. 1904)
  • 1984 – Kristian Djurhuus, Faroese politician, 2nd Prime Minister of the Faroe Islands (b. 1895)
  • 1984 – Faiz Ahmad Faiz, Pakistani journalist and poet (b. 1911)
  • 1989 – Lynn Bari, American actress (b. 1913)
  • 1992 – Raul Renter, Estonian economist and chess player (b. 1920)
  • 1994 – Jānis Krūmiņš, Latvian basketball player (b. 1930)
  • 1995 – Sergei Grinkov, Russian figure skater (b. 1967)
  • 1995 – Robie Macauley, American editor, novelist and critic (b. 1919)
  • 1997 – Dick Littlefield, American baseball player (b. 1926)
  • 1997 – Robert Palmer, American saxophonist, producer, and author (b. 1945)
  • 1998 – Roland Alphonso, Jamaican saxophonist (b. 1931)
  • 1998 – Galina Starovoytova, Russian ethnographer and politician (b. 1946)[42]
  • 1999 – Amintore Fanfani, Italian journalist and politician, 32nd Prime Minister of Italy (b. 1908)
  • 2000 – Mike Muuss, American computer programmer, created Ping (b. 1958)
  • 2000 – Kalle Päätalo, Finnish author (b. 1919)
  • 2000 – Barbara Sobotta, Polish athlete (b. 1936)
  • 2002 – Kakhi Asatiani, Georgian footballer (b. 1947)
  • 2003 – Robert Addie, English actor (b. 1960 )
  • 2003 – David Dacko, African educator and politician, 1st President of the Central African Republic (b. 1930)
  • 2003 – Eugene Kleiner, American businessman, co-founded Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers (b. 1923)
  • 2004 – Ancel Keys, American physiologist (b. 1904)
  • 2005 – Manouchehr Atashi, Iranian journalist and poet (b. 1931)
  • 2005 – James King, American tenor (b. 1925)
  • 2005 – Chris Whitley, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1960)
  • 2006 – Robert Altman, American director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1925)
  • 2006 – Zoia Ceaușescu, Romanian mathematician and academic (b. 1950)
  • 2006 – Donald Hamilton, American author (b. 1916)
  • 2007 – Kenneth S. Kleinknecht, NASA manager (b. 1919)
  • 2007 – Ian Smith, Rhodesian lieutenant and politician, 1st Prime Minister of Rhodesia (b. 1919)
  • 2009 – Lino Lacedelli, Italian mountaineer (b. 1925)
  • 2010 – Chalmers Johnson, American author and scholar (b. 1931)
  • 2012 – Kaspars Astašenko, Latvian ice hockey player (b. 1975)
  • 2012 – William Grut, Swedish pentathlete (b. 1914)
  • 2012 – Pete La Roca, American jazz drummer (b. 1938)
  • 2012 – Ivan Kušan, Croatian writer (b. 1933)
  • 2013 – Sylvia Browne, American author (b. 1936)
  • 2013 – Dieter Hildebrandt, Polish-German actor and screenwriter (b. 1927)
  • 2014 – Cayetana Fitz-James Stuart, 18th Duchess of Alba (b. 1926)
  • 2015 – Keith Michell, Australian actor (b. 1926)
  • 2015 – Jim Perry, American-Canadian singer and game show host (b. 1933)
  • 2015 – Kitanoumi Toshimitsu, Japanese sumo wrestler, the 55th Yokozuna (b. 1953)
  • 2016 – Gabriel Badilla, Costa Rican footballer (b. 1984)
  • 2016 – Gene Guarilia, American basketball player (b. 1937)
  • 2016 – Konstantinos Stephanopoulos, Greek statesman (b. 1926)
  • 2016 – William Trevor, Irish novelist, playwright, and short story writer (b. 1928)
  • 2017 – Peter Berling, German actor, film producer and writer (b. 1934)
  • 2018 – James H. Billington, 13th Librarian of Congress (b. 1929)[43]
  • 2018 – Aaron Klug, Lithuanian-English chemist and biophysicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1926)[44]
  • 2019 – Wataru Misaka, American basketball player (b. 1923)[45]
  • 2020 – Jan Morris, Welsh historian, author and travel writer (b. 1926)[46]

Holidays and observances
  • 20-N (Spain)
  • Africa Industrialization Day (international)
  • Black Awareness Day (Brazil)
  • Children's Day
  • Christian feast day:
    • Agapius
    • Ambrose Traversari
    • Ampelus and Caius
    • Blessed Anacleto González Flores, José Sánchez del Río, and companions (Martyrs of Cristero War)
    • Bernward of Hildesheim
    • Dasius of Durostorum
    • Edmund the Martyr
    • Felec (or Felix) of Cornwall
    • Gregory of Dekapolis
    • Blessed Josaphata Hordashevska (Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church)
    • Solutor, Octavius, and Adventor
    • Theonestus of Vercelli
    • November 20 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
  • Earliest day on which the Feast of Christ the King can fall, while November 26 is the latest; celebrated on the last Sunday before Advent. (Roman Catholic Church)
  • National Sovereignty Day (Argentina)
  • Revolution Day (Mexico)
  • Royal Thai Navy Day (Thailand)
  • Teachers' Day or Ngày nhà giáo Việt Nam (Vietnam)
  • Transgender Day of Remembrance (LGBT community)

References
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  2. The Cambridge Medieval History Series volumes 1-5. Plantagenet Publishing. p. 2035.
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  4. Michael G. Fry, Erik Goldstein and Richard Langhorne, Guide to International Relations and Diplomacy, "The Congress and Concert of Europe, 1814–1830" p, 118.
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