生
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Translingual
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| Stroke order (Japan) | |||
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Han character
生 (radical 100, 生+0, 5 strokes, cangjie input 竹手一 (HQM), four-corner 25100, composition ⿻𠂉土)
- Kangxi radical #100, ⽣.
Derived characters
Further reading
- KangXi: page 754, character 26
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 21670
- Dae Jaweon: page 1162, character 4
- Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 4, page 2575, character 1
- Unihan data for U+751F
Chinese
| simp. and trad. |
生 | |
|---|---|---|
| variant forms | 𤯓 | |
Glyph origin
| Historical forms of the character 生 | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Shang | Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
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| Characters in the same phonetic series (生) (Zhengzhang, 2003) | |
|---|---|
| Old Chinese | |
| 猜 | *sʰlɯː |
| 輤 | *sʰleːns |
| 綪 | *sʰleːns, *ʔsreːŋ |
| 倩 | *sʰleːns, *sʰleŋs |
| 棈 | *sʰleːns |
| 蒨 | *sʰeːns |
| 篟 | *sʰeːns |
| 生 | *sʰleːŋ, *sreŋs |
| 牲 | *sreŋ |
| 笙 | *sreŋ |
| 甥 | *sreŋ |
| 鉎 | *sreŋ, *sleːŋ |
| 珄 | *sreŋ |
| 鼪 | *sreŋ, *sreŋs |
| 猩 | *sreŋ, *seːŋ |
| 狌 | *sreŋ |
| 眚 | *sreŋʔ |
| 貹 | *sreŋs |
| 崝 | *zreːŋ |
| 精 | *ʔsleŋ, *ʔsleŋs |
| 菁 | *ʔsleŋ |
| 鶄 | *ʔsleŋ, *sʰleːŋ |
| 蜻 | *ʔsleŋ, *sʰleːŋ |
| 鼱 | *ʔsleŋ |
| 婧 | *ʔsleŋ, *zleŋs, *zleŋʔ |
| 睛 | *ʔsleŋ, *sʰleŋʔ |
| 箐 | *ʔsleŋ |
| 聙 | *ʔsleŋ |
| 旌 | *ʔsleŋ |
| 清 | *sʰleŋ |
| 圊 | *sʰleŋ |
| 請 | *sʰleŋʔ, *zleŋs, *zleŋ |
| 凊 | *sʰleŋs |
| 䝼 | *zleŋs, *zleŋ |
| 靚 | *zleŋs |
| 情 | *zleŋ |
| 晴 | *zleŋ |
| 夝 | *zleŋ |
| 靜 | *zleŋʔ |
| 靖 | *zleŋʔ |
| 睲 | *seŋʔ, *seːŋs |
| 惺 | *seŋʔ, *seːŋ |
| 性 | *sleŋs |
| 姓 | *sleŋs |
| 靗 | *l̥ʰeŋs |
| 鯖 | *ʔljeŋ, *sʰleːŋ |
| 青 | *sʰleːŋ |
| 靘 | *sʰleːŋ, *sʰleːŋs |
| 掅 | *sʰleːŋs |
| 胜 | *sleːŋ |
| 曐 | *sleːŋ |
| 星 | *sleːŋ |
| 鮏 | *sleːŋ |
| 腥 | *seːŋ, *seːŋs |
| 鯹 | *seːŋ |
| 醒 | *seːŋ, *seːŋʔ, *seːŋs |
| 篂 | *seːŋ |
Ideogrammic compound (會意) : 屮 (“bud”) + 一 (“ground”) – sprouting from the ground.
Etymology
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-riŋ ~ s-r(j)aŋ (“to live; to be alive; to give birth; raw; green”). Cognate with Burmese ရှင် (hrang, “to live; alive”), Mizo hring (“to bear; to bring forth; to give birth to; green”).
Schuessler (2007) proposes that Proto-Sino-Tibetan *sriŋ is derived from the root *sri (“to exist”) (whence possibly Chinese 體 (OC *r̥ʰiːʔ, “body; shape; form”)) + *-ŋ (“terminative suffix”).
Both level tone and falling tone readings are found in Middle Chinese, but the latter has since been lost and is merged into the level-tone reading in modern dialects.
Related to 青 (OC *sʰleːŋ, “blue-green”), 蒼 (OC *sʰaːŋ, *sʰaːŋʔ, “dark blue; deep green”).
Derivatives: 性 (OC *sleŋs, “nature; character; personality; quality”), 姓 (OC *sleŋs, “family name”).
Pronunciation
Definitions
生
- to live; to subsist; to exist
- to grow; to develop; to bud
- (causative) to bear; to give birth; to bring up; to rear
- to be born; to come into existence
- offspring; descendant
- pupil; disciple; student
- (historical) scholar; Confucian scholar
- (opera) actor or male character
- Short for 先生 (xiānsheng, “gentleman”).
- (Cantonese) Short for 先生 (xiānsheng, “Mr.”).
- life; existence; being; living
- fresh; not stale
- unripe
- raw; uncooked
- Antonyms: 熟 (shú)
- (historical ethnography) uncultured; uncultivated; wild; uncivilized; savage
- strange; unfamiliar
- mechanically; forcedly
- † very; quite; extremely
- vivid; strong; forceful
- innate; natural; born with
- † Original form of 性 (xìng, “intelligence; natural endowment”).
- living things; organism
- livelihood; subsistence
- lifetime; all one's life
- birthday; anniversary
- to bring back to life; to revive; to rescue
- to generate; to breed; to create
- to manufacture; to produce
- to happen; to occur; to take place
- to catch (a disease)
- (transitive) to be infested by a parasite
- (Buddhism) to go into society; to be reincarnated
- (dialectal) to set up; to put in; to settle
- to light; to ignite (a fire)
- A surname.
Compounds
Derived terms from 生
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Japanese
| Stroke order (Japan) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
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| Stroke order (Japan) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
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Readings
- Go-on: しょう (shō, Jōyō)←しやう (syau, historical)
- Kan-on: せい (sei, Jōyō)
- Tō-on: さん (san)
- Kun: いきる (ikiru, 生きる, Jōyō); いかす (ikasu, 生かす, Jōyō); いける (ikeru, 生ける, Jōyō); うむ (umu, 生む, Jōyō); うまれる (umareru, 生まれる, Jōyō); うまれる (umareru, 生れる); うまれ (umare, 生れ); おう (ou, 生う, Jōyō); はえる (haeru, 生える, Jōyō); はやす (hayasu, 生やす, Jōyō); き (ki, 生, Jōyō); なま (nama, 生, Jōyō); なる (naru, 生る); なす (nasu, 生す); むす (musu, 生す)
- Nanori: あさ (asa); い (i); いき (iki); いく (iku); いけ (ike); うぶ (ubu); うまい (umai); え (e); おい (oi); ぎゅう (gyū); くるみ (kurumi); ごせ (gose); さ (sa); じょ (jo); すぎ (sugi); そ (so); そう (sō); ちる (chiru); なば (naba); にう (niu); にゅう (nyū); ふ (fu); み (mi); もう (mō); よい (yoi); りゅう (ryū)
Compounds
Etymology 1
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 生 |
| なま Grade: 1 |
| kun’yomi |
From Old Japanese. Numerous derivatives already in use in the Heian period.[1][2]
Noun
Prefix
生 (hiragana なま, rōmaji nama-)
- (broadcasting) live
- 生演奏
- namaensō
- live performance
- 生演奏
- fresh, draft
- 生クリーム
- nama kurīmu
- fresh cream
- 生ビール
- nama bīru
- draft beer
- 生クリーム
- raw, uncooked, rare
- 生卵
- nama tamago
- a raw egg
- 生卵
- natural, unprocessed
Derived terms
Etymology 2
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 生 |
| せい Grade: 1 |
| on’yomi |
From Middle Chinese 生 (MC ʃˠæŋ, ʃˠæŋH, “alive; fresh; raw; unprocessed”).
Noun
Suffix
Derived terms
Derived terms
- 生育 (seiiku)
- 生花 (seika)
- 生家 (seika)
- 生活 (seikatsu)
- 生還 (seikan)
- 生気 (seiki)
- 生計 (seikei)
- 生後 (seigo)
- 生硬 (seikō)
- 生彩 (seisai)
- 生殺 (seisatsu)
- 生産 (seisan)
- 生死 (seishi)
- 生殖 (seishoku)
- 生新 (seishin)
- 生成 (seisei)
- 生鮮 (seisen)
- 生前 (seizen)
- 生存 (seizon)
- 生体 (seitai)
- 生態 (seitai)
- 生誕 (seitan)
- 生長 (seichō)
- 生徒 (seito)
- 生得 (seitoku)
- 生年 (seinen)
- 生物 (seibutsu)
- 生命 (seimei)
- 生薬 (seiyaku)
- 生来 (seirai)
- 生霊 (seirei)
- 衛生 (eisei)
- 学生 (gakusei, “student”)
- 厚生 (kōsei)
- 衆生 (shūsei)
- 出生 (shussei)
- 先生 (sensei)
- 摂生 (sessei)
- 転生 (tensei)
- 派生 (hasei)
- 発生 (hassei)
- 寮生 (ryōsei)
- 有生 (yūsei)
- 生化学 (seikagaku)
- 双生児 (sōseiji)
- 早生児 (sōseiji)
- 下級生 (kakyūsei)
- 受験生 (jukensei)
- 上級生 (jōkyūsei)
- 門下生 (monkasei)
- 生殺与奪 (seisatsu yodatsu)
- 生々流転, 生生流転 (seiseiruten)
Etymology 3
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 生 |
| き Grade: 1 |
| kun’yomi |
Likely a contraction from 生き (iki, “life, living; freshness”).[1]
Noun
Prefix
- unrefined
- 生糸
- kiito
- raw silk
- 生糸
- pure, undefiled, unadulterated
- 生娘
- kimusume
- innocent young girl
- 生娘
Etymology 4
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 生 |
| しょう Grade: 1 |
| on’yomi |
From Middle Chinese 生 (MC ʃˠæŋ, ʃˠæŋH). The 呉音 (goon) reading, so likely the initial borrowing from Middle Chinese.
Derived terms
Derived terms
- 生家 (shōka)
- 生姜 (shōga)
- 生涯 (shōgai)
- 生害 (shōgai)
- 生国 (shōgoku)
- 生者 (shōja)
- 生身 (shōjin)
- 生得 (shōtoku)
- 生変 (shōhen)
- 生年 (shōnen)
- 生滅 (shōmetsu)
- 生薬 (shōyaku)
- 生霊 (shōryō)
- 一生 (isshō)
- 有生 (ushō)
- 往生 (ōjō)
- 衆生 (shujō)
- 出生 (shusshō)
- 衆生 (sujō)
- 殺生 (sesshō)
- 誕生 (tanjō)
- 畜生 (chikushō), 畜生 (chikishō)
- 転生 (tenshō)
- 実生 (mishō)
- 生薬学 (shōyakugaku)
- 誕生日 (tanjōbi)
- 生々世々, 生生世世 (shōjōzeze)
- 生々流転, 生生流転 (shōjōruten)
- 生者必滅 (shōjahitsumetsu)
- 生滅滅已 (shōmetsumetsui)
- 宝生如来 (Hōshōnyorai)
See also
- Appendix:Gikun Usage in Meiji Version of Japanese Bible/生
References
- 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
- 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
Korean
Etymology
From Middle Chinese 生 (MC ʃˠæŋ, ʃˠæŋH). Attested in 훈몽자회／訓蒙字會 as Middle Korean ᄉᆡᇰ (soyng).
Hanja
Compounds
Compounds
- 생각 (生覺, saenggak)
- 생강 (生薑, saenggang)
- 생계 (生計, saenggye)
- 생기 (生氣, saenggi)
- 생도 (生徒, saengdo)
- 생득 (生得, saengdeuk)
- 생리 (生理, saengni)
- 생명 (生命, saengmyeong)
- 생물 (生物, saengmul)
- 생산 (生産, saengsan)
- 생선 (生鮮, saengseon)
- 생수 (生水, saengsu)
- 생신 (生辰, saengsin)
- 생육 (生育, saeng-yuk)
- 생일 (生日, saeng-il)
- 생장 (生長, saengjang)
- 생존 (生存, saengjon)
- 생초 (生肖, saengcho)
- 생태 (生態, saengtae)
- 생활 (生活, saenghwal)
- 고생 (苦生, gosaeng)
- 공생 (共生, gongsaeng)
- 기생 (妓生, gisaeng)
- 년생 (年生, nyeonsaeng)
- 동생 (同生, dongsaeng)
- 발생 (發生, balsaeng)
- 사생 (私生, sasaeng)
- 선생 (先生, seonsaeng)
- 소생 (蘇生, sosaeng)
- 위생 (衛生, wisaeng)
- 유생 (幼生, yusaeng)
- 인생 (人生, insaeng)
- 일생 (一生, ilsaeng)
- 재생 (再生, jaesaeng)
- 천생 (天生, cheonsaeng)
- 출생 (出生, chulsaeng)
- 탄생 (誕生, tansaeng)
- 파생 (派生, pasaeng)
- 평생 (平生, pyeongsaeng)
- 필생 (筆生, pilsaeng)
- 학생 (學生, haksaeng)
- 생리학 (生理學, saengnihak)
- 생맥주 (生麥酒, saengmaekju, “draft/draught beer”)
- 생명력 (生命力, saengmyeongnyeok)
- 생물학 (生物學, saengmulhak)
- 생방송 (生放送, saengbangsong)
- 생산력 (生産力, saengsallyeok)
- 생산자 (生産者, saengsanja)
- 생선회 (生鮮膾, saengseonhoe)
- 생존자 (生存者, saengjonja)
- 생태계 (生態系, saengtaegye)
- 생화학 (生化學, saenghwahak)
- 고생물 (古生物, gosaengmul)
- 기생충 (寄生蟲, gisaengchung)
- 미생물 (微生物, misaengmul)
- 발생학 (發生學, balsaenghak)
- 사생활 (私生活, sasaenghwal)
- 식생활 (食生活, siksaenghwal)
- 우생학 (優生學, usaenghak)
- 재생산 (再生産, jaesaengsan)
- 중생대 (中生代, jungsaengdae)
- 견습생 (見習生, gyeonseupsaeng)
- 낙화생 (落花生, nakhwasaeng)
- 남동생 (男同生, namdongsaeng)
- 남학생 (男學生, namhaksaeng)
- 대학생 (大學生, daehaksaeng)
- 불살생 (不殺生, bulsalsaeng)
- 수험생 (受驗生, suheomsaeng)
- 신입생 (新入生, sinipsaeng)
- 여고생 (女高生, yeogosaeng)
- 여대생 (女大生, yeodaesaeng)
- 여동생 (女同生, yeodongsaeng)
- 여학생 (女學生, yeohaksaeng)
- 유학생 (留學生, yuhaksaeng)
- 졸업생 (卒業生, joreopsaeng)
- 중학생 (中學生, junghaksaeng)
Vietnamese
Han character
生: Hán Việt readings: sinh[1][2][3][4], sanh (
生: Nôm readings: sanh[1][2][5][4][6][7], siêng[1][3][5][4][6][7], sinh[1][2][3][4][7], xinh[1][2][3][5], xênh[1][3][5], sống[1], xanh[1]
Compounds
Compounds
- 生病 (sinh bệnh)
- 生徒 (sinh đồ)
- 生動 (sinh động)
- 生活 (sinh hoạt)
- 生學 (sinh học)
- 生理 (sinh lí)
- 生命 (sinh mệnh)
- 生日 (sinh nhật)
- 生態 (sinh thái)
- 生素 (sinh tố)
- 生存 (sinh tồn)
- 生物 (sinh vật)
- 生員 (sinh viên)
- 稟生 (bẩm sinh)
- 誕生 (đản sinh)
- 學生 (học sinh)
- 寄生 (kí sinh)
- 人生 (nhân sinh)
- 發生 (phát sinh)
- 先生 (tiên sinh)
- 私生 (tư sinh)
- 衛生 (vệ sinh)
- 生病學 (sinh bệnh học)
- 生化學 (sinh hóa học/sinh hoá học)
- 生理學 (sinh lí học)
- 生態學 (sinh thái học)
- 生物學 (sinh vật học)
- 寄生蟲 (kí sinh trùng)
- 理生學 (lý sinh học)
- 微生物 (vi sinh vật)
- 禮降生 (lễ Giáng sinh)
- 生能 (siêng năng)
References
- Nguyễn (2014).
- Nguyễn et al. (2009).
- Trần (2004).
- Bonet (1899).
- Hồ (1976).
- Génibrel (1898).
- Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
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